Small dams have been constructed in Pothwar region with huge investment for supplementary irrigation. However, farmers in command area (the area around the dam where the irrigation water reaches or that can be irrigated from a dam and is fit for cultivation) of small dams have not benefited from this precious water and are still doing traditional agriculture such as summer fallowing etc. Non-existence of suitable cropping pattern may be one reason. Therefore, different cropping patterns (i) fallow-wheat (Fallow-Triticum aestivum) (CP-1), (ii) mash bean - wheat (Vigna mungo-Triticum aestivum) (CP-2), (iii) sorghum - wheat (Sorghum bicolor-Triticum aestivum) (CP-3), (iv) maize (grain) - wheat (Zea mays-Triticum aestivum) (CP-4), (v) maize (grain) - chick pea (Zea mays-Cicer arietinum) (CP-5) and (vi) mung bean - canola (Vigna radiata -Brassica napus) (CP-6) were evaluated for agro economic efficiencies under command area of Pira fatehal dam as well as for adjacent uncommand or rain-fed area, on sandy loam soil for two years. Highest grain yield of wheat (winter crops) was obtained from mash beanwheat (Vigna mungo-Triticum aestivum) (CP-2) as compared to those from maize-wheat (Zea mays-Triticum aestivum) (CP-4), fallow-wheat (fallow-Triticum aestivum) (CP-1) and sorghum - wheat (Sorghum bicolour-Triticum aestivum) (CP-3) cropping patterns, respectively, under both the environments. Chick pea grain yield remained lowest under both the environments. Regarding summer crops, sorghum fodder (Sorghum bicolour), maize grain (Zea mays) and mash bean (Vigna mungo) performed excellent in terms of economic and grain yield. On the other hand, mung bean (Vigna radiata) reflected poor response for grain yield under both the environment. Benefit cost ratio of 7.17% and 5.35% for mash bean-wheat (Vigna mungo-Triticum aestivum) (CP-2) was highest under both the environments, while lowest benefit cost ratio (5.12 %) was exhibited from maizechick pea (Zea mays-Cicer arietinum) (CP-5) under irrigated and (1.37%) 19 from mung bean-canola (Vigna radiata -Brassica napus) (CP-6) under rain-fed environment, respectively. Highest net returns were obtained from maize-wheat (Zea mays-Triticum aestivum) (CP-4) cropping pattern under irrigated while from mash bean-wheat (Vigna mungo-Triticum aestivum) (CP-2) cropping pattern under rainfed environment. Mung bean-canola (Vigna radiata -Brassica napus) (CP-6) proved the lowest in terms of net returns from both the environments. Highest marginal rate of return was exhibited by mash bean-wheat (Vigna mungo-Triticum aestivum) (CP- 2) when compared with fallowwheat (Fallow-Triticum aestivum) (CP-1), while maize-wheat (Zea mays-Triticum aestivum) (CP-4) and sorghum - wheat (Sorghum bicolour-Triticum aestivum) (CP-3) ranked 2nd and 3rd on marginal rate of return basis in the same comparison, under irrigated environment. On the other hand, mash bean-wheat (Vigna mungo-Triticum aestivum) (CP2) ranked 1st and mung beancanola (Vigna radiata -Brassica napus) (CP-6) ranked 2nd when compared with fallow-wheat (Fallow-Triticum aestivum) (CP-1) for marginal rate of return in rainfed environment. Water use efficiency of wheat, following mash bean under both the environments exhibited higher values when compared with those from sorghumwheat, fallow-wheat and maize-wheat cropping patterns. Mung bean showed poor response among all the cropping patterns for exhibiting water use efficiency under both environments. Cropping intensities (of 200 %) from all the cropping patterns except fallow-wheat (100%) were recorded from both the environments. During the course of study, 2nd year summer and winter crops received higher rainfalls than that of first year, which affected the economic yields of crops under rain-fed environment, where as performance of all crops remained better under irrigated environment during both the seasons and years, as below average rainfalls were compensated by supplementary irrigations. Hence, this study concludes that farmers having supplemental irrigation water resources should adopt maize (grain)– 20 wheat (Zea mays-Triticum aestivum) (CP-4) cropping pattern, based on economical return as well as efficient utilization of available supplemental water, whereas, based on improved nutrient utilization and monetary outputs, mash bean-wheat (Vigna mungo-Triticum aestivum) (CP-2) cropping pattern should be followed under rainfed areas for better resource management. Also summer fallowing practice is not economical for farmers under both irrigated and rain-fed environments.
قاضی عبدالغفار مراد آبادی افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں قاضی عبدالغفار صاحب مرادآبادی بھی داعی اجل کولبیک کہہ کر رہ گزائے عالم ِباقی ہوگئے۔مرحوم اردو کے نامور اورصاحب طرز ادیب، کامیاب صحافی اوربڑے خوش فکروپُرجوش قومی کارکن تھے۔ان کی شہرت کاآغاز بحیثیت ایک اخبار نویس کے ہوا۔اس سلسلہ میں انھوں نے مولانا محمد علی مرحوم سے باقاعدہ ٹریننگ لی تھی اورہمدرد کے عملۂ ادارت میں شریک رہنے کے علاوہ خوداپنے بھی متعدد اخبار نکالے تھے۔تحریک خلافت میں پیش پیش رہے اور قلم کے ساتھ زبان اورعمل سے بھی قومی خدمات انجام دیتے رہے۔ تحریک خلافت کے ختم ہوجانے پر لوگ کچھ اُن کو بھول سے چلے تھے کہ پھر یکایک’ لیلیٰ کے خطوط‘ نے ان کوادبی شہرت کے آسمان پرمہرنیمروز بنا کر چمکا دیا۔اس کے بعد انھوں نے ’’مجنوں کی ڈائری‘‘،’’تین پیسہ کی چھوکری‘‘،’’حیات جمال الدین افغانی‘‘ اور’’حیات اجمل‘‘وغیرہ کتابیں لکھیں جو ان کی شہرت میں برابر اضافہ ہی کرتی رہیں۔ مرحوم بڑے شگفتہ نگارمصنف اور صاحب قلم تھے، اُن کی تحریروں میں شوخی کے ساتھ سنجیدگی کابڑا لطیف امتزاج ہوتا تھا۔طبیعت کی رنگینی کا اثر صفحۂ قرطاس پربھی ظاہر ہوئے بغیر نہیں رہتا تھا۔ اپنے فکروخیال میں بڑے پکے اور سخت قسم کے انسان تھے۔تجارت کے سلسلے میں یورپ بھی ہوآئے تھے اوروہاں کا سفرنامہ جو’’نقش ِفرنگ‘‘ کے نام سے لکھا تھا وہ بجائے خود اردو زبان کا ایک شاہکار ہے۔تقسیم کے بعدانجمن ترقی اُردو(ہند)کا علی گڑھ میں ازسرنو قیام ہوا توقاضی صاحب اُس کے سیکرٹری مقررہوئے اورآخر اسی انجمن کی خدمت کرتے کرتے جان جان آفریں کے سپرد کردی۔بڑے ملنسار اورخوش خلق وخوش رو تھے، جس سے ملتے تھے اخلاص ومحبت سے ملتے تھے۔ اس صدی کے ربع اوّل کی یوپی کی تہذیب وشائستگی اورمخلوط تمدن وشستگی کے بڑے اچھے نمونہ تھے، بات کرتے تھے تومنہ سے پھول جھڑتے تھے اورمسکراتے تھے توگل ترکے دامن پرشبنم...
Molana Shah Hakeem Mohammad Akhter was born in 1923 in Partabgarh UP India. He received Medical Education from Unani Medical College Ellah Abad and Islamic Education under a great saint Shah Abdul Ghani Phoolpuri in Madrasa Bait ul Aloom. He was a born Sofi, an eminent Islamic scholar, a great philanthropist, an established writer and a great reformer. He wrote more than 200 books. He also established an Islamic University, Asharaf ul Madaris. Thousands of scholars are his pupils, followers and disciples. He imparted them both Aloom-e-Shareyat and Tareeqat. In 2001 he founded an Islamic NGO naming “Al-Akhtar trust International” for helping the suffering humanity. During these days society was ridden with un-Islamic trends and practices Shah Hakeem Mohammad Akhter emerged to rooted out these evils from the society. It will not be wrong to say that Shah Hakeem Mohammad Akhter like his spiritu-al mentor (Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi) was the real inherent of Ulama-e-deoband. The aim of this article is to present over view of biography and invalua-ble services which he rendered for tasawwuf and noble cause of humanity.
Heavy metal contaminated soils are considered as hazardous for our environment and human health as these cause toxification of food commodities and ground water reserves. Numerous physico-chemical and biological techniques can be employed for the decontamination of metal polluted soils. However, most of the physico-chemical approaches are not cost effective and eco-friendly. While, the biological technologies being economical and ecologically green are most suitable option for remediation of metal affected regions. Among biological techniques, phytoremediation which involves the application of green plants for heavy metals sequestering from contaminated sites, has got much attention now a days. Since, heavy metal toxicity severely affects growth and biomass production of plants and subsequently slows down the phytoremediation process. Therefore, it becomes essential to find out some ecofriendly phenomenon which sustains phytoextraction potential of plants. It has been observed that certain Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria may modulate innate stress resistance in plants against a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. The metal resistant growth promoting rhizobacteria possess the ability to improve growth, biomass production, and mitigate stress in plants growing in heavy metal infected soils. Consequently, it was assumed that native metal tolerant rhizospheric bacterial strains may manage metal toxicity and perhaps augment the phytoremediation capability of Catharanthus roseus. In this study, the symbiotic role of native metal tolerant rhizobacteria and C. roseus plants was analyzed regarding metal stress alleviation and phytoremediation of cadmium and nickel contaminated soils. In the first phase of study, survey was performed to assess the main metal pollutants and their respective levels in the agricultural soil irrigated by industrial effluents contaminated water of Nullah Daik, district Sheikhupura, Pakistan. The composite soil samples of these sites revealed presence of Cd and Ni in a level which cause phytotoxicity and perhaps result food contamination. From soil samples and bacterial conservatory, 11 Cd-tolerant and 14 Ni-tolerant rhizobacterial strains were screened and identified. Here two strains, viz: Cd-tolerant Burkholderia cepacia CS8 and Ni-tolerant Bacillus megaterium MCR-8 provided most significant results in the terms of phosphate solubilization, auxin, gibberellic acid, siderophore and ACCD synthesis. ii The Cd-tolerant B. cepacia CS8 and Ni-tolerant B. megaterium MCR-8 exhibited pronounced results for metal bioavailability, biosorption and MIC, attributes assisting in phytoremediation. The assessment of in vitro growth biomarkers of inoculated C. roseus seedlings including germination percentage, plant growth and vigor index, once again revealed supremacy of B. cepacia CS8 and B. megaterium MCR-8 on rest of the tested bacterial strains. Therefore, B. cepacia CS8 and B. megaterium MCR-8 were evaluated for downstream phytoremediation experimentation by C. roseus under green house conditions. However, B. cepacia CS8 inoculation improved growth, biomass, gas exchange, chlorophyll contents and declined malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in C. roseus plants exposed to Cd stress. Moreover, B. cepacia CS8 diluted the Cd stress by augmenting protein, proline, phenols, flavonoids contents and improving activity of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) in C. roseus plants. The inoculated C. roseus plants demonstrated increased metal bioavailability, succeeding higher uptake, bio-concentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), tolerance index (TI) and extraction amount of Cd in case of Cd-contaminated soil. The Ni stress mitigation in B. megaterium MCR-8 inoculated plants was attributed to the reduced levels of MDA and H2O2, enhanced synthesis of protein, proline, phenols, flavonoides in conjunction with enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, and APX). Furthermore, B. megaterium MCR-8 supplementation improved water extractable metal concentration, BCF, TF, TI and subsequently increased phytoextraction of Ni by C. roseus plants. Both of these bacterial strains are capable to enhance innate metal resistance and phytoremediation potential of C. roseus plants along with growth promotion under heavy metal stress, indicating a great potential for future field applications.