A great level of accuracy and efficiency is required to execute the various paradigms of the radiotherapy processes. The work described in the dissertation was aimed to verify the quality of treatment plans for different techniques in order to enhance the accuracy of planning processes involved. Also dose profile uniformity was verified to improve the Quality Assurance (QA) of radiotherapy process.This project was organized into three major components comprising of ‘comparison of treatment plan quality of RapidArc and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) using various dosimetric indices’, ‘investigation oftolerance dose to Organs at Risk (OARs) and assessing degree of homogeneity and conformity for Head and Neck (H&N) cancer patients by using Simultaneous Integrated Boost Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (SIB IMRT) technique’, and ‘determination of quality of 6 MV and 15 MV wedge-shaped radiation beams by analyzing the effect of symmetry parameter on depth, field size, beam energy, and wedge angle.’ First, analysis and comparison of the plan quality of IMRT and RapidArc techniques using various dosimetric indices was carried out to find out the better treatment modality for treating patients with cervix cancer. Thirteen cervical cancer patients treated with IMRT were selected for analysis and original plans were subsequently re-optimized based on the RapidArc technique. Inverse treatment planning was done by Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) Treatment Planning System (TPS) for 15 MV photon beams from computed tomographic data. Double arcs were used for RapidArc plans. Quality of treatment plans were evaluated by calculating Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI), Gradient Index (GI), coverage, and Unified Dosimetry Index (UDI) for each plan. RapidArc plans resulted in better Planning Target Volume (PTV) coverage as evident by its superior Conformation Number (CN), coverage, CI, HI, GI, and UDI. Regarding Organs at Risk, RapidArc plans exhibit superior organ sparing as found from integral dose comparison. Difference between both techniques was determined by statistical analysis. For all cases under study, modest differences between IMRT and RapidArc treatment were observed. In conclusion, RapidArc-based treatment planning is safer with similar planning goals compared to the standard fixed IMRT technique. Furthermore, degree of conformity, homogeneity and tolerance dose to organs at risk for head and neck cancer patients were investigated. Fifteen patients receiving treatment based on inverse planned SIB IMRT technique were analyzed in this study. Using a beam energy of 6 MV, two dose levels of 70 Gy and 55·4 Gy were used to treat the tumor. Doses of 2 Gy in 35 fractions and 1·68 Gy in 33 fractions were simultaneously delivered for Effective Planning Target Volume (PTV1) and Boost Planning Target Volume (PTV2) respectively. Dose distribution in PTV and critical organs lie within tolerance dose guidelines protecting spinal cord, brain stem, optic chiasm, and optic nerve. Minor deviation from tolerance limit was observed for parotid glands. This technique provided highly conformal and homogenous dose distribution as well as offered best solution for preserving organ function by keeping dose below tolerance level. Finally, symmetry parameter of wedge-shaped photon beam profile was investigated to determine quality of radiation beams produced by linear accelerator. Analysis of beam profile parameter symmetry was performed for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beam energies by varying different factors such as depth, field size and wedge angle. Photon beam profile was measured from Varian’s Clinac DHX using PTW array detector. Data management, analysis, and processing of isodose curves was carried out by PTW MP3-M water tank and PTW MEPHYSTO version 7.33 software. Variation in symmetry was analyzed to match acceptance criteria as recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) protocols. Results implied that symmetry parameter can be treated as being independent of depth and linearly increase with field size and wedge angle. For wedged beam profiles, measured values of symmetry were generally good and exceeded only slightly from the AAPM’s standard criteria for symmetry for open fields. The difference between open field beam profiles and wedge-shaped profiles were considered so that possible errors involved in radiotherapy process can be rectified.
مولانا شاہ عون احمد قادری مولانا شاہ عون احمد قادری کی وفات کی خبر تاخیر سے ملی، ان کا تعلق پھلواری کے ایک مشہور علمی و دینی خانوادے سے تھا۔ ہندوستان کے جو مراکز اور خانقاہیں ہدایت و ارشاد اور سلوک و عرفان کے ساتھ ہی علم و فضل میں بھی شہرت و امتیاز رکھتی ہیں، ان میں ایک خانقاہ مجیبیہ بھی ہے، جس کے مولانا شاہ عون احمد ایک بزرگ اور باوقار حامل شریعت و طریقت اور ممتاز عالم و فقیہ تھے، وہ جہاں دعوت و تبلیغ اور اصلاح و ارشاد کا فریضہ انجام دیتے تھے اور اس کے لیے ملک و بیرون ملک کے سفر بھی کرتے تھے جس کی وجہ سے ان کے مریدین اور معتقدین کا وسیع حلقہ تھا، وہاں مسلم تنظیموں اور مسلم اداروں سے بھی وابستہ رہتے تھے اور مسلمانانِ ہند کی مشترکہ ملی و اجتماعی جدوجہد میں بھی حصہ لیتے تھے۔ جمعیۃ علمائے ہند سے برابر ان کا تعلق رہا، عرصہ تک وہ جمعیۃ علمائے بہار کے صدر اور مرکزی جمعیۃ علماء کے نائب صدر رہے، مسلم پرسنل لابورڈ کے رکن تھے، فقہ وافتا میں امتیاز کی وجہ سے امارت شرعیہ بہار و اڑیسہ کے قاضی رہے اور برسوں قضا کی خدمت انجام دی، کئی مقامی علمی و تعلیمی اداروں کے علاوہ دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے بھی رکن تھے۔ شاہ صاحب نے اجمیر کے مدرسہ معینیہ میں تعلیم کی تکمیل کی، اس سے پہلے فرنگی محل لکھنو میں بھی تحصیل علم کرچکے تھے، ان کے اساتذہ میں معقولات و درسیات کے مشہور فاضل مولانا حکیم محمد شریف مصطفےٰ آبادی، اعظم گڑھی بھی تھے جو ان کے جدامجد مولانا شاہ بدرالدین کے مرید خاص تھے، مولانا عون احمد صاحب کو اپنے عم بزرگوار مولانا شاہ محی الدین قادری امیر شریعت ثانی صوبہ بہار و اڑیسہ سے بیعت و خلافت ملی تھی۔
His distinction was that he reflected over the Islamic system and applied it upon the modem age. He proved that the teachings of Islam cover not only faith, beliefs and rituals of worship but also rule all the aspects of social and moral values of a Muslim. He proved with profound arguments that these fundamental principles prevail and govern the Muslim society and its ethics. Shah Waliullah had a broad vision and a versatile approach towards the different aspects of political, moral and social behaviors. The most important thing about his contributions is that his views are widely accepted and welcomed by the scholars who came after him.
The identification of toxic metals in Macrofungus species diverted the attention of the researchers for the development of remediation models. Mushrooms represent an important food commodity cultivated in different parts of the world. 51The present study is designed to exploit the property of metal accumulation in the chitin wall of Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) for the development of biocomposite. A series of novel composites are prepared using calcium alginate, silica and alumina separately and in combination of 10:1 with Macrofungus. Each composite is characterized through FTIR, SEM and EDX to determine the surface and bulk characteristics. The 66FTIR analysis revealed –CH, C–O–C (sugar), C= O conjugation and –NH functional groups confirming the proteinaceous nature of Macrofungus. SEM and EDX also confirm the successful preparation showing significant elemental composition of Ca, Si, and Al in respective composites. BET analysis indicated higher surface area for inorganic precursors (SiO2 and Al2O3) than organic moiety (calcium alginate). The prepared composites are applied as 64adsorbents in batch mode for the removal of three selected metals (Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) also known as cumulative poisons. For adsorption experiments, optimization of pH is also attempted. The results are encouraging showing optimum removal of 99% during contact of 45 minutes between the adsorbate and adsorbent. It is also noted that functionalized composites (FMF, FMFSi, FMFAl, FMFSiAl) show relatively less adsorption of metals likely due to stabilizing effect of inorganic precursors (Silica and alumina) and immobilization of Macrofungus by calcium alginate. The metal removal follow the sequence Cr>Cd>Pb in accordance with position of elements in the periodic table. Kinetics and isotherms were applied for each metal and each adsorbent. 49Freundlich and Temkin isotherms fitted best to the adsorption data. The study recommends that the prepared biocomposites can effectively be applied as remediation model 61for the removal of metals and other pollutants as well.