Home > Evaluation of Esterases and Phosphatases in Three Strains of Callosobruchus Chinensis and Rhyzopertha Dominica Treated With Plant Extracts and Synthetic Pyrethroids
Evaluation of Esterases and Phosphatases in Three Strains of Callosobruchus Chinensis and Rhyzopertha Dominica Treated With Plant Extracts and Synthetic Pyrethroids
Stored grains have been attacked by different insect species for many years. To protect stored grains from insect attack, various control measures have been suggested. Current research was initiated in order to assess five plant extracts and three synthetic pyrethroids for their toxic and repellent efficiency and their effect on progeny inhibition of three strains of Callosobruchus chinensis and Rhyzopertha dominica. These treatments were also studied for their subsequent effects on the certain esterases and phosphatases enzymes of test insects. Azadirachta indica extract and deltamethrin were more effective. Significant mortality was obtained at the highest concentrations, after maximum exposure time. C. chinensis mortality with A. indica was 81.10, 69.23 and 86.82% in FSD, MLN and NNS strains respectively. 100% mortality was achieved with deltamethrin for all strains of C. chinensis. R. dominica mortality with A. indica was 65.19, 60.74 and 84.96% FSD, MLN and NNS strains respectively. Deltamethrin resulted in 95.56, 95.56 and 97.75% mortality of R. dominica Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. A. indica resulted in 79.99, 66.67 and 80.81% progeny inhibition of C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. 66.77, 60.32 and 70.40% reduction in progeny production of C. chinensis was achieved with deltamethrin, in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. A. indica caused 90.22, 88.01 and 92.23% progeny inhibition of R. dominica in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. Progeny inhibition of R. dominica was 90.46, 80.93 and 97.14% in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively with deltamethrin. In repellency bioassay, A. indica resulted in 93.33, 90.67 and 94.67% repellency in C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain, respectively. With deltamethrin repellency was 92.00, 90.67 and 97.33% in C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. Percentage repellency in in case of R. dominica was 94.67, 85.33 and 92.00 in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively, with A. indica. Repellency recorded with deltamethrin, in R. dominica was 90.67, 89.33 and 92.67% in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. In case of enzymatic analysis, the inhibition of treatments was compared with the control. With A. indica treatment, in C. chinensis FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 45.82, 29.98, 61.38, 43.65 and 50.81% respectively, 57.14, 39.98, 58.24, 41.04 and 50.58% respectively in MLN strain and 41.31, 28.87, 61.67, 45.24 and 50.32% respectively in NNS strain. Using M. azadirach, in C. chinensis FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 55.82, 29.98, 53.37, 45.48 and 51.30% respectively, 63.81, 39.98, 52.67, 43.65 and 50.33% respectively in MLN strain and 51.98, 31.10, 52.84, 47.96 and 50.57% respectively in NNS strain. In pyrethroids, cypermethrin mostly resulted in high inhibition of enzymes. So, with cypermethrin maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was19.14, 18.54, 47.65, 36.33 and 42.45% respectively, in C. chinensis FSD strain, 37.14, 21.09, 48.42, 36.33 and 39.12% respectively, in MLN strain and 14.96, 17.43, 46.95, 38.32 and 39.99% respectively in NNS strain. In R. dominica FSD strain, treated with A. indica maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 39.42, 43.77, 47.79, 41.38 and 52.30% respectively, 37.57, 39.94, 47.31, 41.90 and 48.46% respectively in MLN strain and 40.41, 45.99, 51.59, 42.15 and 50.51% respectively in NNS strain. With M. azadirach treatment, in R. dominica FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 40.83, 42.94, 45.71, 40.47 and 47.84% respectively, 39.70, 39.94, 44.13, 40.99 and 43.86% respectively in MLN strain and 41.83, 45.17, 51.59, 42.15 and 50.51% respectively in NNS strain. Using pyrethroids, enzymes inhibition was recorded maximum in R. dominica NNS strain with cypermethrin, which resulted in 34.03, 43.80, 49.45, 31.41 and 48.34% inhibition of AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE respectively as compared to the control treatment.
کجھ و دواناں دے وچار نیں کہ کافی عربی زبان دا لفظ اے جیدے معنی نیں مکمل ، پورا یا کافی ہونا۔ کیوں جے قرآن مجید وچ ربی فرمان اے۔
’’ کفیٰ باللہ شہیدا اللہ دی گواہی کافی اے ‘‘ (۱)
’’ کفیٰ باللہ وکیلا اللہ کارساز کافی اے ‘‘(۲)
’’قرآن حکیم وچ ایہہ لفظ کافی تے مکمل دے معنی وچ استعمال ہویا اے۔ ایس لئی شاعری دی اجہی صنف نوں کافی آکھیا گیا ہے۔ جہدے وچ اک مکمل مضمون اک مکمل خیال یاں اک مکمل جذبے دا اظہار کیتا گیا سی۔ شاعری دی ایس صنف نوں پڑھ کے یاںسن کے ہور کسے صنف یاں شاعری دے مطالعے یاں سنن دی لوڑ نہیں رہندی ۔ کیوں جے ایہدے راہیں بیان ہون والا مضمون یاں خیال ، ادبی ذوق ، روحانی لوڑاں تھوڑاں تے وجدان دی مکمل حد تک تسکین کر دیندا اے۔ ایسے پاروں شاعری دی ایس صنف نوں کافی آکھیا گیا اے۔‘‘(۳)
کافی تے سنگیت دا آپسی گوہڑا سمبندھ ہے ۔ کافی وچ سنگیت پکھ اگھڑواں ہوندا اے۔ ایس لئی سنگیت توں بنا ں کافی مکمل نہیں ۔جے ایہہ آکھیا جاوے کہ شاہ حسین نے کافی تے سنگیت نوں لازم و ملزوم بنا دتا اے تاں کجھغلط وی نہ ہووے گا۔ اونہاں اپنیاں کافیاں بارے واضح شبداں وچ لکھ دتا، پئی ایہہ کافی فلاں راگ یاں راگنی وچ گائی جاوے مثال دے طور تے اوہناں نے اپنی ایس کافی نوں راگ جے جے ونتی وچ گاون دی ہدایت کیتی اے۔
Tasaw’uf(mysticism)is a branch of Islamic knowledge which focuses on the spiritual development of the Muslim. Allah sent His final messenger, Prophet Muhammad, as a source of knowledge for the entire Ummah. He was the model of spirituality for the world. His God-consciousness, deep spirituality, acts of worship, and love for Allah were preserved and propagated by an Islamic science called Tasaw’uf(mysticism). After the Prophet (SAW), the scholars carried different branches of knowledge. The aim of the scholars of Tasaw’uf(mysticism)was purification of the heart, and development of consciousness of Allah through submission to the Shariā and Sunnah. The Sofiy’ā have role model to keep the society peaceful. In this paper will be discussed about the role of Tasaw’uf(mysticism) and Sofiy’ā In the establishment of a moral and tolerant society.
This study explores the role of the Higher Education Commission CHEC) of Pakistan in facilitating and promoting educational research in Pakistani universities through policy analysis as research methodology. The role has been explored by the analysis of policy provisions, structures and processes developed by HEC to facilitate and promote educational research. Experiences of two Pakistani universities, one from public and one from private sector- has been analysed to explore that role. Analysis of the data suggests that research is a priority of HEC in its reform agenda for higher education in Pakistan. HEC has developed policy provisions, processes and structures that support and facilitate research in Pakistani universities but an overemphasis on scientific research has overshadowed educational research. Availability of funding, a wide range of incentives available for research, faculty development process for research, emphasis on publications and dissemination of research work, access to the global body of knowledge through IT integration and education, and research networks are indication of the effective role played by HEC for the promotion and facilitation of educational research. Research suggests that there exist some hindering factors as well which includes, dependency on donor funding and sustainability issues, communication gap between departments of education at universities and HEC, unavailability of clear policy text for educational research, lesser support provided to the private sector. Based on the findings, the study recommends development of indigenous funding strategy, enhanced collaboration and participation of universities through communicative structures, an increase in educational research funding, enhanced facilitation to private sector and wide range of evaluative studies to be carried out to review policy provisions and structural changes to facilitate educational research in Pakistani universities. In the end a post script comments on the post 18th amendment situation created by the dissolution of HEC.