This study was conducted at Poultry Research Centre University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan to investigate the effect of olive, black and flax seed oils on growth performance and immune response of broiler chicks. The experiment comprised of three trials and there were three hundred birds in 1st and 2nd trial while in 3rd trial there were 150 birds. Day old broiler chicks were procured and were grouped into thirty experimental units having ten chicks each. Three levels (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) of olive, black and flax seed oils were offered having three replicates in each level. One group containing three replicates was serving as control which was fed commercial feed without supplementation of experimental oils. During first trial data on body weight, feed intake was collected weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio. Blood samples of three birds from each replicate were collected at the end of experiment to estimate the serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein. Three birds from each replicate were slaughtered to measure organs (liver, gizzard, heart, lungs, kidneys and spleen) and glands weights (pancreas, bursa of fabricious, thymus, adrenal and pituitary). Dressing percentage was calculated. Serum samples were taken to estimate titre against ND and IBD at 32nd and 35th day, respectively. During the first trail overall weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) highest in the treatment having flax seed oil 0.5%. Significantly (P<0.05) better overall FCR was observed in the treatment having olive oil 1.0%. For second trial, 300 day old chicks were divided into 30 experimental units having ten chicks each and were allocated the treatments in similar pattern as in first trial. During second trial humoral response and cell mediated immune response were assessed. Antibody titres against Newcastle and Infectious bursal diseases were observed weekly. Overall FCR was best in the group having flax seed oil 0.5%. Significantly highest value of total anti sheep red blood cells antibody titre of broilers fed various levels of different oils was recorded at 7th day post-secondary injection in the treatment having black seed oil 1.0%. Significantly highest value of immunoglobulin m anti sheep red blood cells antibody titre of broilers fed various levels of different oils was recorded at 7th day post-secondary injection in the treatment having black seed oil 1.0 %. Significantly highest value of IgM was recorded at 14th day post-secondary injection in the treatment having flax seed oil 0.5%. Significantly highest value of immunoglobulin g anti sheep red blood cells antibody titre of broilers fed various levels of different oils was recorded at 7th day post-secondary injection in the treatment having black seed oil 0.5%. During third trial best levels of oils from previous trials and blend of three oils (Having 3 levels 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) along with control having no experimental oil in the feed. For this purpose, 210 day old chicks were purchased and were divided into 21 experimental units having ten chicks each. Data on weekly body weight, feed consumption was recorded to calculate feed conversion ratio. Intestinal pH, weight, length and histomorphology was recorded. Fatty acid profile and sensory evaluation of meat was also conducted during 3rd trial. Overall highest significant FCR during the third trial was recorded in the group having treatment blend 0.5%. Significantly highest value of intestinal weight was observed in black seed oil is 0.5%. Significantly highest level of oleic acid was found in the meat samples from the group having treatment blend 1.5%. Significantly highest level of linoleic acid was found in the meat from the group having treatment black seed oil 0.5%. Best overall FCR was observed significantly (P<0.05) in the treatment having olive oil 1.0%. Statistical analysis of the experimental data showed significant (P<0.05) effect on Newcastle Disease Titre due to varying levels of different oils in the feed of broiler birds. ND titre was significantly best in the treatment of olive oil 1.0% and flax seed oil 1.0% during 1st week. ND titre was significantly best in the treatments olive oil 1.0%&1.5% and flax seed oil 1.5% during 2nd week. ND titre was significantly best under the treatments of olive oil 0.5%, black seed oil 0.5%&1.0% during 5th week. IBD titer was significantly highest in the treatments olive oil 0.5%&1.5% during 5th week. Significantly highest value of total anti sheep red blood cells antibody titre of broilers fed various levels of different oils was recorded at 7th day post-secondary injection in the treatment having black seed oil 1.0%. Significantly highest value of immunoglobulin m anti sheep red blood cells antibody titre of broilers fed various levels of different oils was recorded at 7th day post-secondary injection in the treatment having black seed oil 1.0 %. Significantly highest value of IgM was recorded at 14th day post-secondary injection in the treatment having flax seed oil 0.5%. Significantly highest value of immunoglobulin g anti sheep red blood cells antibody titre of broilers fed various levels of different oils was recorded at 7th day post-secondary injection in the treatment having black seed oil 0.5%. Overall highest significant FCR during the third trial was recorded in the group having treatment blend 0.5%. Significantly highest value of intestinal weight was observed in black seed oil 0.5%. Significantly highest level of oleic acid was found in the meat samples from the group having treatment blend 1.5%. Significantly highest level of linoleic acid was found in the meat from the group having treatment black seed oil 0.5%. Overall flaxseed oil 0.5% was more economical. Data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance technique under Completely Randomized design. Treatment means were compared by Least Significant Difference test. Economics for each treatment was calculated.
ازواجِ مطہرات ، زیادہ شادیاں اور عرب روایات اعتراض نمبر ۹۵ نجران کے یہو دیوں نے سرکار دو عالم ﷺ کے خلاف ایک یہ الزام دھرا کہ آ پ ﷺ کی یہ ساری محنت اور جان ماری اس مقصد کے لیے ہے کہ جو مقام و رتبہ حضرت مسیح ؑ کا چلا آ رہا ہے وہ آپ ﷺ کے قبضہ میں آ جائے اور عیسائیوں اور دیگر افراد کو آہستہ آہستہ اپنے آہنی شکنجہ میں جکڑ کر اپنی پرستش اور پوجا پاٹ میں لگا لیا جائے ۔ جواب: اس اعتراض سے پہلے اس کا پس منظر بیان کرنا ضروری ہے تاکہ حقیقت سامنے آ سکے ۔ یمن کے ایک شہر نجران جو تہتر گائوں پر مشتمل تھا وہاں سے ایک عیسائی وفد ساٹھ افراد پر مشتمل سن ۹ ہجری میں آ پ ﷺ کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوا ۔ ان افراد میں رئیس الوفد عبدالمسیح تھا ‘ دوسرا شخص ایہم جو سیاسی امور کا نگران تھا اور تیسرا ان کا لاٹ پادری اور روحانی پیشوا ابو حارثہ بن علقمہ تھا ۔ صحابہ کرام ؓ عصر کی نماز ادا کر چکے تو اس وقت یہ وفد ،مسجد نبوی میں آ یا یہ لوگ بھی نماز پڑھنے لگے صحابہ کرام نے منع کر نا چاہا لیکن آ پﷺ نے فرمایا انہیں چھوڑ دو ۔ نماز سے فارغ ہونے کے بعد آ پﷺ نے ان پر اسلام پیش کیا اور قرآنی آ یات تلاوت فرمائیں لیکن انہوں نے اسلام قبول نہ کیا اور انہوں نے کہا ’’ ہم آ پ ﷺ سے پہلے کے مسلمان ہیں ‘‘۔ آ پ ﷺ نے فرمایا تم نے جھوٹ بولا ۔۔۔ تین چیزیں تمہیں اسلام سے روکتی ہیں ۔ اول صلیب کی عبادت دوم سئور کا گوشت سوم تمہارا یہ گمان کہ مسیح ؑ اللہ تعالیٰ کا بیٹا ہے ۔ (نعوذ باللہ )...
Politics is the field where women have been ignored since ancient times, due to the political notions determined by ideological beliefs and cultural norms. Among the United Nations’ measures remove gender inequalities, includes recommendation for reserving 30 per cent seats for women in legislatures. In Pakistan, this remarkable change was effected in 2000, as it reserved 33 percent seats for women at the local government and 17 per cent at the Provincial/National Assemblies and the Senate level, so about 40,000 women entered in local bodies throughout the country in 2000-01, and almost 55,000 women contested local government in 2005. Despite these developments, women are still facing challenges that deter the full realization of their roles as active interlocutors of policy-making. Keeping in view these aspects, this paper has analyzed the local government, focusing on women, exploring whether the increasing number of women in legislatures is merely a numerical strength, or is empowering them, too, Whether they are the ‘subjects of change’ or the ‘agents of change.’ It is calculated that administrative structures of local government is male-dominated, whereas women are trying to ensure their position, however, gendered barriers remain unbroken
The present study was designed to develop an anti-idiotype foot-and-mouth disease antigen for the evaluation of immunoprophylactic potential. Three serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus were procured from the veterinary research institute, Peshawar. Re-characterization of the virus was done through PCR and further serotyping was performed by indirect sandwich ELISA (IsELISA). The inactivated three serotypes of the virus were injected in goats for the preparation of idiotype antibodies (IgG). The goat serum containing 90% idiotype antibody titre was processed for separation of idiotype antibodies through Octanoic acid-ammonium sulfate precipitation method. Idiotype was purified and the fragment antibody binding (Fab) component was separated through pepsin digestion that was analyzed through SDS-PAGE. The protein concentration of Fab was adjusted to 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL. Fab of IgG was emulsified in MONTANIDE™ ISA 206 VG and the prepared idiotype antigen suspension was injected into two groups of the layer birds. The eggs were collected and the presence of anti-idiotype antibodies in the egg yolk was confirmed through agar gel immunoprecipitation test (AGPT). The diluted egg yolks were processed for the separation and purification of anti-idiotype antibodies through ammonium sulfate precipitation technique. The purified IgY proceeded to pepsin digestion and Fab component was obtained. Fab of anti-idiotype antibody, after digestion, were analyzed through SDS-PAGE and the protein concentrations were adjusted to 10 mg/mL. The Fab of IgY was emulsified in Montanide (1:1) and the anti-idiotype FMD antigen was injected as a surrogate antigen for FMD virus in mice and calves. Sterility, safety and stability studies of anti-idiotype FMD antigen were performed. Immune response of Montanide adjuvanted monovalent and trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen was determined in mice. The comparative immune response of Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen and trivalent FMD commercial vaccine was done in mice and calves. The comparative mean antibody titre was determined through least significant difference followed by factorial analysis. Foot-and-mouth disease virus was detected through PCR at 131 bp. Is-ELISA confirmed three serotypes of Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus, Asia 1, A and O, at OD value < 0.1 at 1/10th dilution. The AGPT results indicated early development of anti-idiotype antibodies in layer birds injected with 10 mg/mL Montanide adjuvanted idiotype antigen. The development of antiidiotype antibodies in egg yolk was detected within 18 hrs of incubation on day 14 from the last injection. At day 45 post-immunization (PI) in mice, Montanide adjuvanted monovalent antiidiotype FMD antigens produced initial antibody titre of 78.80%, 81.30% and 81. 20% for serotype A, Asia 1, and O respectively. The antibody titre decreased to 78.10%, 79.50% and 78.90% respectively at day 60 PI. The more stable immune response against serotype A was recorded at day 60 PI. Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen in mice produced highest antibody titre of 81.60% at day 45 compared to Montanide adjuvanted FMD vaccine that produced titre of 77.50% at day 45 PI. A slow decrease of 1-2% in antibody titre of Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen in mice at day 60 was recorded. The immune response of Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen in calves was persistently 80% while titre of Montanide adjuvanted FMD vaccine decreased to 74% at day 60 PI.