Home > Evaluation of Hypertonic Saline Solution in the Treatment of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Calf Scour and Other Clinical Conditions of Livestock Characterized by Hypovolaemia / Endotoxaemia
Evaluation of Hypertonic Saline Solution in the Treatment of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Calf Scour and Other Clinical Conditions of Livestock Characterized by Hypovolaemia / Endotoxaemia
This study was conducted for the evaluation of hypertonic saline solution in haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in buffaloes, calf scour in buffalo calves and other clinical conditions of livestock characterized by hypovolaemia and/or endotoxaemia including spontaneous cases of calf scour, dehydrated diarrhoeic goats and buffaloes. For this purpose, 50 buffaloes were selected from the field suffering from HS. The disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs. Then theses animals were randomly divided into two equal groups (A and B). Buffaloes of group A were treated with the conventional treatment already in vogue i.e. ceftiofur HCl and flunixin meglumine @ 6 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg BW, IM and IV, respectively. Group B was treated with intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) @ 4 mL/kg BW followed by isotonic saline solution @ 10 mL/kg BW along with ceftiofur HCl and flunixin meglumine. For evaluation of HSS in calf scour, neonatal diarrhoea in buffalo calves (n=24) was induced through oral administration of 2 mL broth culture of having eneteropathogenic E. coli count of 10 10 CFU. To evaluate the efficacy of HSS in clinical conditions of livestock, spontaneous cases of calf scour (n=24), dehydrated diarrhoeic goats (n=24) and buffaloes (n=24) were studied. In all these conditions, the animals were randomly divided into two equal groups viz. A and B (n=12 each). Group A was treated with isotonic (90 mL/kg BW) and group B with hypertonic (4 mL/kg BW) saline solutions along with ceftiofur HCl and flunixin meglumine (6 and 2 mg/kg BW, respectively). The efficacy of treatment was evaluated on the basis of clinical parameters, haematological analysis, haemodynamic parameters, blood gas analysis, serum electrolytes and serum biochemical profiles. These all evaluation parameters were recorded at baseline (during disease), t=1, t=3, t=6, t=12, t=24 and t=36 hours after treatment. However, for induced calf scour, the additional recording time point was before induction of diarrhoea which acted as baseline; other recording time points being the same as for other conditions studied. Hypertonic saline infusion to the buffaloes of group B suffering from HS showed significantly higher survival rate of 80% and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from group A in which survival rate was 52%. Group B significantly (P < 0.05) improved heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration, partial pressure of arterial oxygen, blood pH and total serum protein. Hypertonic infusion increased serum sodium and xiiichloride ions concentration but the changes were not of sufficient magnitude to be of risk to the buffaloes. Hypertonic saline solution (group B) resuscitated buffalo calves from neonatal diarrhoea (either induced or spontaneous) more rapidly and effectively than isotonic saline solution (group A) and showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement in all the parameters studied. The resuscitation of diarrhoeic dehydrated goats (n=24) and buffaloes (n=24) through administering hypertonic saline solution was evaluated. Both treatment protocols helped in recovering the normal values of all the parameters studied within experimental period. But hypertonic saline solution showed significant differences (P < 0.05) over group A in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, partial pressure of arterial oxygen, blood pH and bicarbonates in diarrhoeic goats. In diarrhoeic buffaloes, HSS infusion only showed significant difference (P < 0.05) over group A in partial pressure of venous oxygen, while other parameters were recovered to normal without any statistical difference. On the basis of findings of this study, it was concluded that hypertonic saline solution can be safely administered to the buffaloes suffering from haemorrhagic septicaemia and buffalo calves with neonatal diarrhoea. It offset deleterious haemodynamic effects of endotoxins, thus ameliorates the septic shock more effectively than does antibiotic therapy alone in HS. In addition to rapid and effective, intravenous administration of a small volume of HSS provides a practical and economical method to resuscitate dehydrated calves with neonatal diarrhoea, diarrhoeic goats and buffaloes, thus make it suitable for field use.
لوڈشیڈنگ کا عذاب نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز سامعین اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر گفتگو کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’لوڈشیڈنگ کا عذاب‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! عذاب ، جزاوسزاء کا تصور ، انارکی ، پریشانی یہ ایسے الفاظ ہیں کہ جن کو پڑھ کر یا سن کر طبائع مکدّر ہو جاتی ہیں۔ مزاج میں تبدیلی آجاتی ہے، چڑ چڑاپن پیدا ہو جاتا ہے۔ طبیعت کا سکون غارت ہو جاتا ہے، آرام نام کی کوئی شے دکھائی نہیں دیتی، اطمینانِ قلبی مفقود ہو جاتا ہے، چہرۂ بشرپر پریشانی کے آثار نمایاں ہوجاتے ہیں۔ صد رِ محترم! عذاب جس صورت میں بھی ہو کھانے کو آتا ہے، اس سے کو سوں دور بھاگنے کو جی چاہتا ہے، عذاب سے مراد دل کی بے سکونی ہے، بصارت کا چندھیا جانا ہے۔ قوت ِسماعت کی کمزوری ہے، قوت لامسہ کی نقاہت ہے، اس کا وجود انسانی وجود کے لیے نفع بخش نہ ہے۔ محترم صدر! آئے دن مختلف عذابوں سے واسطہ پڑتا رہتا ہے۔ کبھی مہنگائی کے عذاب کا دیو جڑے کھولے انسان کو دبو چنے کے درپے ہوتا ہے، کبھی ڈینگی کا عذاب اپنے شکار پر گرفت مضبوط کرنے کے لیے مستعد ہوتا ہے اور ان سب عذاب ہائے زندگی سے بڑھ کر جو عذاب ہمارے سروں پر مسلط ہے وہ لوڈ شیدنگ کا عذاب ہے جس نے ہماری مسرت اور خوشی کوغم و اندوہ میں بدل دیا ہے۔ صدرِزی وقار! لوڈشیڈنگ سے مراد بجلی کا غائب ہو جانا ہے، اس سے پاکستان کی معیشت وابستہ ہے اس کی کی زندگی کے تمام شعبوں کو متاثر کرتی ہے، اس کی کمی سے تمام صنعتیں بند ہو جاتی ہیں، اس کی کمی سے ٹیکسٹائل ملوں میں کام بند ہو جاتاہے، اس کی کمی سے فصلوں...
The present study aimed at finding out the portrayal of rote learning method implementation which was applied by the coaches of TPQ al-Barokah in Kampung Melayu Village, Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu. This study used a qualitative approach. The data were gathered by means of observation and interview techniques. After the data were collected, the data were analyzed using phases referring to Miles, Huberman, and Saldana comprising data condensation, data display, and drawing conclusion. The findings of this study concluded that the rote learning method for Tajwid learning was considered very effective to be applied, and its merit was evident in students’ competence in the recitation of Qur’an at TPQ al-Barokah. Their competence was seen when they were re-examined by their Qur’anic coaches, and they could provide examples of Tajwid’s application in the Qur-an properly and correctly.
Carbonic anhydrases (CA E.C. 4.2.1.1) are zinc containing metalloenzymes found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes where they perform important physiological functions. CA has at least 16 different isozymes many of which are important drug targets. Sulfonamides and its metal derivatives are well established inhibitors of CA. The task of developing a new class of chromone containing sulfonamide CA inhibitors was taken up in this research/thesis. Consequently cobalt (II), nickel (II) and copper (II) transition metal complexes were also synthesized and tested as inhibitors of CA. An assortment of structurally diverse aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing chromone moieties were synthesized by condensation of various substituted and un-substituted 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehydes with different aminobenzenesulfonamides. Compounds L1, L4, L7 and L10 were prepared by reacting 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde (C10H6O3) and substituted 4- oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehydes (R1R2-C10H4O3, R1 = F, Br; R2 = H, Br) with 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (4-ABS). Compounds L2, L5, L8 and L11 were prepared by reacting above chromone-3-carboxaldehydes with 3- aminobenzenesulfonamide (3-ABS). Similarly compounds L3, L6, L9 and L12 were obtained by reaction with 2-aminobenzenesulfonamide (2-ABS). Compounds L13- L17 were prepared by reaction of 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde and 4- oxo-6-fluoro -4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehydes with N-(heteroaryl)substituted sulfonamides. In case of reactions with 3-ABS and 4-ABS, enamine products of type and 4-[{(2-ethoxy-6-(un)substituted-4-oxo-chroman)3-ylidene}methylamino] xv benzenesulfonamides were obtained. However, on reaction with 2-ABS, a benzothiadiazine product containing chromone moiety at 3-position resulted due to cyclization. Only 4-oxo-6,8-dibromo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde proved to be the only exception giving an enamine product, 2-[{(2-ethoxy-6,8-dibromo-4-oxo- chroman)3-ylidene}methylamino]benzenesulfonamide. Stable, non electrolyte, non polymeric metal complexes were obtained in good yields by reacting Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) acetates with above compounds under basic conditions. Molecular structure of all fifty three compounds (both ligands and their complexes) was ascertained by means of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and elemental (C, H, N) analysis. The metal content of the metal complexes was determined by AAS. In case where suitable crystals were available, single crystal X-ray diffraction was carried out. In view of CA inhibitory role of sulfonamides and their metal complexes, CA inhibitions activity of all the compounds and their metal complexes was evaluated against bovine cytosolic enzyme containing CA-I and CA-II. All compounds containing free sulfonamide group showed excellent CAI activity (IC50values are in the range 4.31 to 29.12 μmoles). Compounds containing substituted sulfonamide group were found to be inactive as CAIs. Among metal complexes copper complexes were most active followed by some nickel complexes; cobalt complexes were not very active as CAIs. DPPH radical scavenging activity for all the compounds was also evaluated. Only compounds L12 and L14 showed moderate activity (67 and 41 % inhibition respectively). None of the other compounds showed outstanding radical scavenging activity.