This research project was accomplished at four experimental sites of southern Punjab in order to underline the insect pest’s population dynamics of cotton and their predators. Eggs and adult Population counts of American bollworm (ABW), Pink bollworm (PBW) and spotted bollworm (SBW) are presented in the undergoing paragraphs. The three years study showed that adult count of ABW was at extreme in October 2014, 2016 and September 2015 at site-I. Similar population trends were observed in 2014 for ABW at site-II. During three years egg and adult count of ABW at site-III was in order: 2014> 2015> 2016. At site-IV population of adults started increasing, reached a maximum in August, and declined slightly in September and October 2014. During 2015, ABW adult count was maximum in September. Similar population trend of ABW was observed during 2016 at site-IV. The egg counts of ABW was maximum in September 2014 at site-I. During 2015, it was maximum in October, and July 2016. At site-II, maximum eggs count of ABW was found during October in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. At site-III, maximum egg count of ABW was observed in July 2014, in August 2015 and in September 2016, respectively. Maximum egg counts of ABW at site-IV during 2014, 2015 and 2016 were observed in the months of August, October and September, respectively. Adult counts of PBW was highest in September during 2014, 2015 and 2016 in each year at site-I. At site-II, highest adult population of PBW was recorded in October 2014, 2015 and September 2016. At site-III, highest PBW population was observed in September 2014, October 2015 and September 2016. At site-IV highest mean egg counts of PBW was noted in October 2014, 2015 and 2016. Highest egg counts of PBW was noted in September each year at site-I. Mean number of eggs of PBW was found highest during September in 2014, 2015 and 2016 each year, at site-II. Highest average egg number of PBW was enumerated in September 2014, September 2015 and October in 2016, at site-III. The highest average count of eggs of PBW was noted during September 2014, October 2015 and August 2016, at site-IV. The highest adult population of SBW was recorded at site-I during October 2014, July 2015 and September 2016. At site-II, highest adult SBW was observed during September 2014 and 2015 each, and in October 2016, respectively. Highest average adult population of PBW was noted in September 2014, August 2015 and September 2016, respectively at site-III. At site-IV, the highest adult population of SBW was found in September 2014, August 2015 and October 2016. Eggs count of American bollworm was significantly affected by period (P<0.05) and variety (P<0.001). Egg count of PBW was significantly affected by varieties and egg count of spotted boll worm was affected by period (P<0.001) and variety (P<0.001) at site-I. Adult population size of American bollworms (ABW) at site-I was affected significantly by period (P<0.001) and variety (P<0.001). Pink bollworm (PBW) and Spotted bollworms adult counts were affected significantly (P<0.05) by period and variety. Average egg count of ABW, PBW and SBW showed significant differences for period and varieties. Host plant susceptibility index (HPSI) showed that cotton variety IUB-33 had highest HPSI in 2014 at site-I and site-II, and Lalazar and MNH-988 had highest HPSI at site-III and site-IV in 2014. Eggs count of ABW, PBW and SBW were non-significantly affected by humidity level (P>0.05), temperature (P>0.05) and wind speed (P>0.05) at all sites. Average number of adults ABW, PBW and SBW was also not affected by temperature, humidity level and wind speed and was non-significant (P>0.05) at all sites. Correlation coefficients between populations of lady beetle (predator) and ABW, PBW, SBW were low and non-significant during the year 2014. The correlations between spider (predator) and ABW, SBW populations were low and non-significant but low and significant for PBW population in this year. The correlations between both predator’s prey populations were high and significant (P<0.01) during 2014 at site-I. During 2015, correlation between lady beetle and ABW, SBW populations were positive low non-significant and negative low non-significant, respectively. PBW had lower but significant (P<0.05) correlations with lady beetle population. Spider population bore very low non-significant correlation with ABW, negative very low non-significant correlation with SBW and low but significant (P<0.05) correlation with PBW population. Mutual correlation between predator’s populations was very low and significant. In 2016, correlation analysis showed that population of lady beetles moderate and significant (P<0.001) with populations of ABW, PBW and SBW. Spider populations also showed intermediate to high and significant (P<0.001) correlations with ABW, PBW and SBW populations along with lady beetle population at site-I. At site-II, the correlations coefficients for lady beetle population and ABW, PBW and SBW were significant (P<0.001) and high in 2014. Spider population showed highly significant (P<0.001) but moderate to high correlations with ABW, PBW and SBW populations. During 2015, the second year of research, the correlations between prey (ABW, PBW and SBW) and lady beetle population were moderate but highly significant (P<0.01) at site-I. Spider population showed similar pattern of correlations during this year in the region but had highly significant and high correlation with lady beetle population. Lady beetle population had very low to low and non-significant correlations with ABW and SBW populations, respectively. A moderate and highly significant correlation coefficient was found between lady beetle and PBW populations. Population of spiders had similar type of correlations with ABW, SBW and PBW i.e. very low to low negative non-significant for former two and moderate but significant with the later. At siteIII, during 2014, correlations between lady beetle population and ABW were highly significant and high, PBW very high and highly significant, and SBW moderate and highly significant. Spider population had low to moderately high and significant correlations with ABW, PBW and SBW populations. In 2015, lady beetle population had very low to low negative non-significant correlations with ABW and SBW populations and low non- significant correlation with PBW population too. Spiders showed very low to low and non-significant correlations with population of ABW, PBW and SBW during this year in the region. Correlations between lady beetle and prey (ABW, SBW and PBW) were moderate to high and significant. Spider population had low to moderately high correlations with ABW, PBW and SBW populations in this region. During 2014, the correlations between lady beetle population and prey (ABW, PBW, SBW) populations were moderate to high and significant (P<0.001). Spider population had low, moderate and high but significant correlations with SBW, ABW and PBW populations during this year at site-IV. During 2015 at site-III, correlation coefficients between populations of lady beetle and chewing pests (ABW, PBW, SBW) were low to moderate and significant except for SBW that had nonsignificant correlation. Correlations between spider and chewing pest (ABW, PBW, SBW) populations were also in lower to intermediate range during this year yet they were significant (P<0.05). Lady beetle and chewing pest populations had negative and very low to low correlations that were also non-significant at site-IV.
ارشاد ڈیروی کے فن و شخصیت کا اگر تحقیقی جائزہ لیا جائے ، تو اسی کی دہائی میں ’’ نین سوالی‘‘ لے کر1995ء میں ادبی منظر نامے پر نمودار ہوتا ہے، جس میں ان کے ڈوہڑے ، قطعے ، گیت اور ابتدائی دور کی غزلیں شامل ہیں، مگر یہ ابتدائی چیزیں اس بات کی غماز ہیں کہ:
’’دل طائر میں اڑنے کا ابھی امکان باقی ہے‘‘
’’نین سوالی ‘‘ کا چاہئے ڈوہڑا ہو یا گیت ، قطعہ ہو یا غزل امکانات سے بھرپور ہے، ارشاد ڈیروی ایک بااعتماد شاعر ہیں انھیں اپنے کام اور کلام پر مکمل یقین ہے، کلامِ شاعر یزبان شاعر مشاعرے اورسٹیج پہ سننے کا انھیں ایک اپنا لطف ہے۔
ارشاد ڈیروی کے مجموعہ ہائے کلام کے ناموں پر اگر غور کیا جائے تو ان کے تلازے اور علامتیں انھوں نے شعوری اور غیر شعوری طور پر استعمال کیے ہیںان کے پیچھے ایک ایک داستان مل سکتی ہے، شاعر کا الفاظ کا استعمال اگرچہ بظاہر غیر محسوس انداز ہی ہوتا ہے ، مگر
تیرگی میں دیکھنے کو چشمِ بینا چاہیے
ہر لفظ کی تہہ میں ایک بات ہوتی ہے، اور درحقیقت بات وہی ہوتی ہے ارشاد ڈیروی کی خصوصیت اور انفرادیت یہ ہے ، کہ وہ صرف شاعرہی نہیں یعنی خوابوں اور خیالوں کی دنیا میں رہنے والا ہی نہیں بلکہ ایک محنت کش بھی ہے، اور مزدور بھی جن کے بارے میں ملتا ہے، الکاسب حبیب اللہ یعنی محنتی اللہ کا دوست ہے۔ان کے’’نین سوالی ‘‘ لب ورخسار کا نہیں پوچھتے ، بلکہ دل دہلادینے والے حسرت زدہ سوالی نین ہیں، یہ وہی سوال ہیں جن کے بارے میں فیض احمد فیض نے کہا تھا!
Scholars of the Usul -early and recent- have paid utmost importance to the Maqâsid al-Shariah or the Objectives of Shariah and tried to substantiate, associate and link them with its sources, Qur’an and Sunnah, then to derive from them the Legislator’s or the Shari‘s purpose, the revelation’s true purpose and how it benefits the creatures in terms of promoting what is in their interest and shunning away what is harmful. These objectives became the point of interest for the jurists and scholars who toiled to understand the texts and what they connoted and they continue to venture into its depths and extract its treasures. It becomes quite evident from their exegeses of Qur’an and the Prophetic Traditions and elucidations of the juristic principles and issues. Imam al-Shâtibī and Ibn ‘Ashoor are two such scholars in this field who studied the Objectives of Shariah and contributed to this discipline so greatly that they became reference points for those who came after them. The basic principles in the field that were inferred by them are still its pillars. The Objectives of Shariah are divided into four kinds with reference to their benefits: the necessities, needs, improvements and supplements. The necessities are further divided into protection of Deen, protection of self, of intellect, of possessions and of race among others. Prudence demands that all means should be employed to safeguard these necessities. Thus knowing the Objectives of Shariah and their promulgation among the masses is quite important for the society since it leads towards promotion of the beneficial and shunning away the harmful elements in it.
Quality and yield of major fruits grown in country are far below their potential despite of favorable climatic conditions. Average yield of apple orchards in Pakistan is alarmingly lower than other apple producing countries in the world. In the fruit crops, either nutrient use is below optimum or in imbalanced proportions. Micronutrient disorder along with nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium deficiencies are of economic significance in this regard. It is estimated that Fe and zinc deficiencies are widespread occurring in about 30 to 50% of cultivated soils on the world scale. Murree is the only apple growing region in the Punjab Pakistan. Geo-statistics and GIS as diagnostic norms have not been used for nutrient indexation in the apple orchards and were neglected from nutrition management point of view. A field survey was conducted to examine the spatial dependence of micronutrients and to prepare the spatial distribution maps for the micronutrients in the soils. Field trials were conducted for site specific zinc nutrition assessment. The specific objectives of study were: (i) Micronutrients indexation (zinc, copper, iron and manganese) of soil and foliage of apple orchards in Murree (ii) Mapping and geo-statistical analysis of micronutrients in apple cultivated Murree area (iii) Impact of zinc nutrition on apple yield and fruit quality parameters. One hundred and eighty soil and associated foliage samples were collected from 30 selected apple orchards using grid of 6×6 m. General deficiency of plant available zinc prevailed in the orchard soils of Murree area followed by slight Mn deficiency. Widespread deficiency of zinc existed in the foliage of apple orchards followed by site-specific deficiency of manganese, iron and copper respectively. Plant available 2 zinc, copper and manganese were moderately spatial dependant in the surface and strongly spatial dependent in the subsurface and lower soil depth whereas moderate spatial dependence of plant available Fe at three depths was observed. Moderate to strong spatial dependence allowed us to prepare the digital maps for spatial distribution of micronutrients in the area. Moderate to strong spatial dependence of plant available micronutrient indicated a need for the development of variable fertilizer (micronutrient) rate technology by conducting field trials in various zones delineated in this study. Field trials were conducted by selecting 6 apple orchards, two from each low, medium and adequate in soil zinc but low in foliage zinc content. Treatment plan included T1= Zn 0 g/ tree, T2 = Zn 20 g/ tree, T3 = Zn 30 g/ tree and T4 = Zn 40 g/ tree with the basal dose of NPK per tree. Zinc fertilizer application resulted in increase in the apple yield and yield components. Thirty gram zinc produced maximum yield in the low zinc soils while twenty gram zinc resulted in optimum yield in medium and high zinc soils. Zinc fertilization increased size, number, yield and firmness of fruit. Zinc application decreased titratable acidity and relative electrical conductivity. Significant interaction between the treatments and location manifested differential response due to native zinc content in the soils.