Chemical color stripping processes not only reduces the quality of fabric but also induces an extensive attention to expensive treatments and the safe disposal of persistent and toxic chemical wastes. This research project was planned to investigate the potential of the biochemical stripping of cotton fabric that had been dyed with a C.I Reactive Black B dye to a bluish black/grey shade using five indigenous strains of white rot fungi including Pleurotus ostreatsus IBL-02, Phanerochaete chrysosporium IBL-03, Coriolus versicolor IBL-04, G. lucidum IBL-05, and Schizophyllum commune IBL-06 in a Kirk''s basal salts medium. The color stripping was measured in terms of color strength (K/S value), before and after treatment. Among the five strains of WRF, G. lucidum IBL-05 showed best stripping in 15 days of incubation under continuous shaking conditions (120 rpm) at pH 4.5 and 35 0C. The biochemical stripping process was optimized by studying the effects of temperature, pH, additional carbon and nitrogen sources, low molecular weight mediators and metal ions on the synthesis of ligninolytic enzymes and the stripping of dyed cotton fabric by G. lucidum IBL-05. The addition of carbon based sources (glucose, starch, glycerol, wheat bran) and nitrogen containing additives (corn steep liquor, maize gluten 60%, yeast extract, peptone), mediators of ligninolytic enzymes (veratryl alcohol, MnSO4, Guaicol, ABTS and H2O2) and metal salts (CuSO4, FeSO4, ZnSO4, Cd (NO3)2, CaCl2) enhanced the formation of ligninolytic enymes by G. lucidum IBL-05 and fabric color stripping. Maximum color stripping (90.59%) achieved by use of the maximum activities of LiP (712 U/mL), MnP (422U/mL) and laccase (82U/mL) was achieved after 15 days of incubation at pH 4 and 350C using Kirk''s basal nutrient medium supplemented with wheat bran (1g/100ml) as a carbon source, and peptone (0.2g/100mL) as a nitrogen source, with MnSO4 as a mediator and ZnSO4 as a metal salt. The biological stripping was superior to the chemical stripping process. The effluent generated in chemical stripping was highly polluted as compared to that obtained from the biological process in terms of pH, TSS, DO, BOD, COD and TOC. Biological color stripping is gentle and does not excessively deteriorate the fabric quality or reduce the fabric weight.
Egyptian society and Indian society faced many social issues, especially during the British colonial rule in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The British occupation was an era of decline for the Muslims of the sub-continent. Public minds were not able to recognize this change and did not fully understand the requirements of the time. Writers and poets of that time discussed and dealt with social isues and tried to raise the almost dead community back to life. They wanted their people to be rationalized and to understand the problems of society. Two of those leading writers were Taha Hussein and Deputy Nazir Ahmed. This article will examine Taha Hussein’s role and contribution in raising of Egyptian society and enlightening the Arab minds and also throw light on the efforts of Deputy Nazir Ahmed, a leading social novelist in the sub-continent. The most important issues that were treated through their novels and their writings were the problems and issues of woman and the issue of moral decline in society.
The work presented in this thesis was started with the preparation of three types of starting materials, 5-arylfuran-2-carbaldehydes, N-aryl pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde and indole-3-carbaldehyde. 5-arylfuran-2-carbaldehydes were prepared by Meerwein arylation reaction and were further used for preparation of tetra-arylimidazoles (1) and benzimidazoles (2). N-aryl pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde was prepared by ring transformation of furfural with 4-nitoaniline and used to prepare chalcones (3) by Claisen-Schmidt condensation with different substituted acetophenones. Tetra-arylimidazoles (4) were also prepared from indole 3- carbaldehyde.Microwave irradiation method (mw) was also used for the preparation of (1) and (4) in a multicomponent reaction (MCR). In addition use of some azoles (pyrazole and imidazole) and also metals copper, aluminium were also explored as efficient catalysts for these syntheses. A couple of pyrazolines from (3) were also prepared. Characterization of synthesized compounds was carried out by I.R, 1H-NMR and mass spectra. Biological screening results (Acetyl cholesterine, anti-urease and α-Glucosidase) of synthesized compounds are also included. The 2nd part of this thesis includes the synthesis of novel compounds from lipid resources (waste cooking oil) and phthalic anhydride under microwave irradiation. Some of the new polymers were successfully prepared to open the possibility of using such resource materials.