المقاصد عند الإمام الشاطبي

Scholars of the Usul -early and recent- have paid utmost importance to the Maqâsid al-Shariah or the Objectives of Shariah and tried to substantiate, associate and link them with its sources, Qur’an and Sunnah, then to derive from them the Legislator’s or the Shari‘s purpose, the revelation’s true purpose and how it benefits the creatures in terms of promoting what is in their interest and shunning away what is harmful. These objectives became the point of interest for the jurists and scholars who toiled to understand the texts and what they connoted and they continue to venture into its depths and extract its treasures. It becomes quite evident from their exegeses of Qur’an and the Prophetic Traditions and elucidations of the juristic principles and issues. Imam al-Shâtibī and Ibn ‘Ashoor are two such scholars in this field who studied the Objectives of Shariah and contributed to this discipline so greatly that they became reference points for those who came after them. The basic principles in the field that were inferred by them are still its pillars. The Objectives of Shariah are divided into four kinds with reference to their benefits: the necessities, needs, improvements and supplements. The necessities are further divided into protection of Deen, protection of self, of intellect, of possessions and of race among others. Prudence demands that all means should be employed to safeguard these necessities. Thus knowing the Objectives of Shariah and their promulgation among the masses is quite important for the society since it leads towards promotion of the beneficial and shunning away the harmful elements in it.

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Advanced Glycated End Products, Amylase and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Ib Inhibitory Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants to Target Diahetcs Mellitus

Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder, and plenty of medicinal plants are used parallel to synthetic drugs having no side effects and many existing medicines are derived from the plants. This study aims to evaluate selected indigenous medicinal plants,Chichoriumintybus,Trigonellafoenumgraecum, Saussaurealappa, Lipidiumsativum, Nigellasativa, their formulations [{S11 (S3:S8),S12(S3:S5:S6:S7:S8)}],and a mushroom Morchellaconica to target diabetes from different aspects, and add in the available treatments with cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo especially focusing on formulations and M.conica. The crude methanolic extracts of samples were evaluated for phytochemical determination following invitro assays with optimized protocols. The proximate analysis of the plants show the nutritional facts and the elemental profile show the presence of macro and micro elements have the insulinotropic properties.The compounds in S10 were characterized and identified by LCMS and NIST library.The antioxidant activity was shown that S12 is more active than S11 while the antiglycation activities of both plants are comparable. S11 shows low IC50 value than S12 in amylase as well as in PTP1B inhibition assay S11is 90% active compared to S12. The invivo assays aim at giving an insight at various aspects and the risk factors of this chronic disease and to improve the lives of the diabetic patients who are faced with physical; focuses on epidemiology and the issue of the cost of diabetes by using medicinal plants. The formulation S11 and a mushroom M.conicashow significant results of β-cells regeneration as well as lessen the inflammation and infiltration in the liver with improved physicochemical parameters of serum chemistry of the treated mice with these samples compared with normal and Glibenclamide treated groups serum chemistry and tissues obtained. The active formulations and M.conicacan be subjected to isolation of phytoactive compounds. Theutilization of plants as a potential source to search for a novel antidiabetic drug can be achieved by application of modern scientific technology and recent knowledge on the physiological changes in case of Diabetes. Exploration of novel targets like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) for antidiabetic drugs and medicinal plants with emphasis on site specific effectiveness and overcoming problems of resistance, side effects, prolonged usage and high cost, are being investigated for future research. Further investigations are required, and more attention should be drawn to explore the biological activity of hundreds of traditionally used medicinal plants both in vitro and in vivo to assess the claimed activity with the aim of finding potent antidiabetic candidates from the natural resources.