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Evaluation of Plant Based Products for Their Suitability As Bacteriological Media

Thesis Info

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Author

Khalil, Sadia

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Microbiology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11999/1/Sadia%20Khalil_Microbiology_1984_UoK_HSR_09_mar_2020.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726133462

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Plants are rich source of nutrients, compounds of medicinal importance and other valuable products used in our daily life. For the last few years, interest has been developed to utilize plant-based products as substrates in the preparation of microbiological. Their distinctive features are very intriguing from the perspective of the economical effectiveness for developing countries like Pakistan. The present study was aimed at exploring suitability of some plant-based products available locally as bacteriological media or supplements in these media. To instigate this study, raw forms of 56 plant based products were purchased from local markets and fruit shops. Overall, 5.5% of selected plant materials belong to pulses/ lentils, 17.8% fruits, 37.5% vegetables. Furthermore, 39.2% non-edible or plant waste substrates were also included in the study. Plant materials were selected on the basis of nutritional value, cost, availability and personnel curiosity. A number of methods were used for the extraction of various plant based materials but decoction was found to be the most suitable as evidenced by the results. Thus decoction was used throughout in the study for the preparation of extracts from plantbased products. In the course of preliminary screening, great variations in the growth pattern of bacteria on plant extracts were observed, however on the basis of the extent of growth, availability, seasonal variations and clarity of medium the selection was carried out.The aqueous extracts of onion, potato, sugarcane peels, apple-peels, black eye beans, red eye beans, carrot, cluster beans and flat beans were included for further studies to evaluate their potential to promote the growth of clinical isolates. Lentils and onion extract based media were used for growing P. fluorescence P22YO5 whereas sugarcane, apple, grapes fruit peels, wheat straw and wheat bran for Bacillus subtilis KPS11. The extracts which showed promising results in the initial study were selected for further study. The combinations of extracts were assessed for bacterial growth enhancing ability. The data revealed that the extracts in combination resulted in enhancing the growth of bacteria when compared with the growth on individual extracts. However, combinations rendered medium less transparent.However, pH did not exert a profound effect on the growth and higher growth was achieved on natural extracts with varying pH, from slightly acidic to slightly basic. Generally a direct correlation was established between the growth and concentration of extracts. Surprisingly for few, maximum growth was obtained at relatively lower concentration of the extracts. In addition, the turbidity of more concentrated media was also undesirable therefore, clarity of medium was also a key concern in deciding final concentration along with the extent of growth. The extracts were supplemented with additional carbon and nitrogen sources and growth of bacteria was compared with the growth on non supplemented and reference media. Results depicted that yeast extract and ammonium nitrate among other nitrogen sources promoted the growth of selected clinical isolates. A positive effect of increasing glucose concentration in onion extract and apple peels extract was also observed. Certain noticeable changes were observed while growing bacteria on supplemented solid media, such as loss of swarming ability in case of P. mirabilis; the ability was not regained even after the supplementation of various concentrations of Tween 80. The colonies of P. aeruginosa were larger as compared to size of colonies on reference media with higher muckiness on extract-based solid media. As far as growth kinetics is concerned, the clinical isolates and B. subtilis KPS 11 growing in shaking flask culture revealed the length of log and lag phase ofbacteria comparable, whether cultivated in extract-based media or reference media (NB and LB). The growth of P. fluorescence P22YO5 was also observed in the microbioreactor using flower plate. Higher cfu /mL was obtained in the extract media when compared with the results observed in shaking flask experiments either using plant extract media or in commercially available TSB medium. Pseudomonas fluorescence P22Y05 was tested for their ability to control Fusarium dry rot in three potato cultivars namely, russet norkotah, red norland and russet Burbank and were compared with the control. The reduction in the occurrence of dry rot by P. fluorescence P22Y05 was observed in both, shaking flask culture (51.2–81.8 %) as well as in microbioreactor (70.7–87.2 %). The cells produced in any of the plant extract-based media under each production method did not differ in efficacy from the cells produced in TSB or NB. Results of chemical analysis revealed the presence of higher Ca, Fe, Mg, and P contents in the media before than after biomass production, in almost all extract media tested, inoculated with P22YO5. The red lentil extract medium was found to contain highest Fe Cu, Mo and Zn contents. In all media, NH4–N concentration increased after the cultivation of P22Y05. Red lentil extract and TSB showed the highest NH4–N (52 and 53 mg/l), respectively before and 662 and 644 mg/l, respectively after cultivation. Plant extracts selected in this study, contain very low level of organic acid thus did not show any antibacterial activity. Results revealed variations in the metabolites production by KPS 11 in different media. Our results demonstrate that several plant-based media can produce large quantity of efficacious biomass of biocontrol strain, P. fluorescens P22Y05 and biofertilizer strain B. subtilis KPS11 comparable to that produced in commercially available media. Similarly, the plant extract based media were found to be equally effective in comparison with reference media for the growth of clinically important bacteria. The potential of plant extract-based media to produce biomass and other metabolites of interest of other groups of microorganisms is a very important and crucial area in the study of microbiology. Moreover, further studies are required to be directed on differential and selective aspects of these culture media to produce large quantity of biomass for various industrial purposes/applications.
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ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد: احوال وآثار

ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد:احوال و آثار
ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کاروانِ نعت کے وہ سرخیل ہیں جنھوں نے فروغِ نعت کو اپنی زندگی کا اولین مقصد بنارکھا ہے۔ وہ پچاس سا ل سے نعت کی ترویج کے لیے کوشاں ہیں۔ نعتیہ ادب کا شعبہ تحقیق ہو، شعبہ تدوین ہو یا تنقید ، وہ ہر میدان میں پیش پیش ہیں۔ یہ مقالہ اُن کی علمی وادبی خدمات کا منہ بولتا ثبوت ہے۔ اس میں اْن کی نعتیہ خدمات کا جائزہ ، تخلیقات کا تعارف اور اُن کی شخصیت کے مختلف گوشوں کواُجاگر کرنے کی سعی کی گئی ہے۔
خاندانی پس منظر
ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کا خاندان رواداری ، تقویٰ ، طہارت اور اکل حلال کے حصول کے لیے بہت مشہور ہے۔ آبائواجداد کا تعلق حبیب گنج علی گڑھ (انڈیا) سے ہے۔ یہ خاندان پٹھانوں کے قبیلے ’’یوسف زئی‘‘ سے تعلق رکھتا ہے جب کہ ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کی والدہ محترمہ کی نسبت ’’آفریدی‘‘ قبیلے سے ہے۔ والد کے خاندان کے مورثِ اعلیٰ حافظ نتھے خان تھے جو پابندِ شریعت اور صوم وصلوٰۃ کے دل دادا تھے انھیں عشقِ رسول صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم وراثت میں ملا تھا۔ صحیح العقیدہ مسلک حق اہل سنت والجماعت کے پیروکار تھے۔ تمامی انبیائے کرام علیہم السلام ، اہل بیت اطہارؓ، صحابہ کرامؓ، اولیائے کاملینؒ بالخصوص حضرت پیران پیر ، روشن ضمیر ، غوث الاعظم دستگیر رحمتہ اللہ علیہ اور حضرت خواجہ خواجگان، سلطان الہند ، حضور غریب نواز رحمتہ اللہ علیہ کے عقیدت مندوں میں شامل تھے۔
اس خاندان کے مورثِ اعلیٰ قبلہ حافظ صاحب کے چار فرزند ارجمند تولد ہوئے: اصغر خان ، اکبر خان ، صفدر خان، اشرف خان۔ان سطور میں صرف ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کے دادا صفدر خان کا ذکر خیر مقصود ہے جو حافظ صاحب کے تیسرے نمبر کے صاحبزادے ہیں ۔ انھیں اللہ تعالیٰ نے سات صاحبزادوں...

جوا اور اس کے انسان کی معاشی اور معاشرتی زندگی پر پڑنے والے اثرات اور اسلامی تعلیمات کا مطالعہ

Among the prohibited actions, gambling is on the top. There is definite prohibition  in many verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the prophet. Despite such strict prohibitions by Islam, the gambling has been entered in economy in different shapes. Among the different types of gambling, some  forms are  very  clear, every one considers it wrong,   whereas  some kinds of  gambling are not considered wrong by the peoples. Whatever the name of gambling is, it is illegal and immoral, because changing name doesnot change its reality. Every type of gambling creates destruction in society and economy and brings various evils with it. Gambling  makes man greedy, miser, lover of  money, jealousy, wastage  of time and money. Such evils takes men away from generosity and  worship of Allah, carelesness in his duties and man becomes  immoral and irrespossible. Therefore, in any society where gambling is spread, the concept of peace, love, humanity bacomes  meaning less. As a result, the poor get poorer and the  rich grow richer.

Soil Adsorption of Pesticides Used on Vegetables in Southern Sindh

The fate of nine different pesticides (endosulfan, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, thiodicarb, triazophos, pyridaben, emamectin benzoate, fipronil and diafenthiuron) selected from individual classes was examined in three different soils at laboratory and field conditions. The findings suggested the various key mechanisms such as adsorption, leaching, dissipation and degradation which were responsible for interaction of pesticide with soil. Among these adsorption was one of the most important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil because it controls the amount of pesticide available for transport. The evaluation of kinetic data was performed through pseudo first and second order models. It was found that kinetic adsorption of all pesticides except Endosulfan on soil followed pseudo first order with rate constant value ranged in 0.096-0.214/h, equilibrium concentration was found 38.177-77.678 mg/g and R2 value in a range of 0.988-0.997. Only kinetic adsorption of Endosulfan has followed pseudo second order kinetic model. To monitor the pseudo equilibrium achieved for selected pesticides the curve was plotted between pesticide residues adsorbed and time. The kinetic adsorption had shown two clear regions, initially a very rapid adsorption followed by a slow adsorption region. The rapid adsorption was surface phenomenon because the vacant sites in the soil particles were filled up rapidly in the preliminary region followed by a slow adsorption due to migration and diffusion of pesticide molecules in soil. The pseudo equilibrium time observed for pyridaben was 3 h, diafenthiuron 3.5 h, endosulfan, fipronil and deltamethrin 4 h each, emamectin benzoate 5 h, imidacloprid and triazophos 6 h, thiodicarb 10h. Equilibrium adsorption of selected nine pesticides was monitored with Langmuir and Freundlich models. It was investigated that all selected pesticides have followed Freundlich isotherm representing the reversible, non-ideal and multilayer adsorption over heterogeneous surface of soil. The Freundlich adsorption capacity (A), intensity (n) and R2 computed for all used pesticides were in a range of 1.053-2.813 mg/g, 0.249-0.892 and 0.996-0.999 respectively. Therefore the value of n obtained from Freundlich model was below 1, indicating chemisorption was taking place between pesticides and soil surface. In addition value of 1/n was greater than one showing co-operative adsorption was taking place with chemisorption mechanism. In laboratory, leaching study was performed in three plastic columns of 30 cm length, each for individual soil type. Known amount of each pesticide was applied to column, after adsorption it was eluted with 500 ml water in five portions. These water portions and soils were analyzed with concerned analytical technique. Generally the concentration of all pesticides was found to be decreased in column soil and water samples. In water samples it was observed as follow: α-Endosulfan 1.028-0.002, β-Endosulfan 1.015-0.003, triazophos 0.734-0.101, imidacloprid 0.481-0.103, thiodicarb 2.814-0.003, diafenthiuron 0.28-0.003, fipronil 0.032-0.002, emamectin benzoate 0.082-0.040, pyridaben 0.004-0.001, deltamethrin 0.073-0.001 ng/µl respectively. The decrease of pesticide residues in column soils were found as, α-Endosulfan 3.621-0.012, β-Endosulfan 2.968-0.012, triazophos 4.782-0.004, imidacloprid 2.905-0.123, thiodicarb 4.739-0.618, diafenthiuron 4.296-0.013, fipronil 4.791-1.107, emamectin benzoate 4.749-1.131, pyridaben 5.314-1.014 and deltamethrin 2.584-0.605 ng/mg. In field the leaching power of pesticides was examined up to 60 cm depth. Total four soil samples were randomly collected from each site, first three samples were taken at interval of 10 cm each and fourth sample was taken from 30-60 cm soil depth. The residue was found to decrease as we go down in soil. The pesticides Endosulfan, imidacloprid, thiodicarb and diafenthiuron were seen to leach 60 cm soil depth, triazophos moved 30 cm soil depth and deltamethrin, pyridaben, emamectin benzoate, fipronil were observed strongly adsorbed within 20 cm soil depth. The dissipation rate investigated for individual pesticide in three different soils was as under: α-Endosulfan 99 % over 60 d with average T1/2 of 8.395 d, β-Endosulfan above 91 % over 140 d with average T1/2 43.659 d, deltamethrin above 91 % over 30 d with average T1/2 16.577 d, imidacloprid above 88.413 % over 120 d with average T1/2 38.002 d, thiodicarb above 94.301 d over 35 d with average T1/2 8.372 d, triazophos above 90% over 30 d with average half-life of 9.059, pyridaben above 90 % over 12 d with average T1/2 3.786 d, emamectin benzoate above 87.035 % over 12 d with average T1/2 4.142 d, fipronil above 90 % over 150 d with average T1/245.755 d, diafenthiuron above 94 % over 15 d with average T1/2 4.343 d. From dissipation study it was inferred that rate was variable in each soil due to climatic changes, soil nature and soil-pesticide interactions. The % recoveries obtained for each of pesticide in soil were: α-Endosulfan 93.407-98.559, β-Endosulfan 89.216-97.279, deltamethrin 94.775-96.935, imidacloprid 88.698-95.694, thiodicarb 86.098-95.762, triazophos 92.093-98.516, pyridaben 90.885-95.116, emamectin benzoate 88.973-96.158, fipronil 95.769-99.030 and diafenthiuron 88.432-94.416 %. By applying GUS model triazophos, pyridaben, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, α-Endosulfan and deltamethrin were classified as non-leacher pesticides, while diafenthiuron, thiodicarb, β-Endosulfan and imidacloprid were categorized as leacher pesticides class.