Emesis is a common problem especially in females during pregnancy (motion sickness). The market available allopathic drugs are costly and a number of adverse effects are reported for them. It was, therefore, considered worth while to look for some cheap herbal medicine, capable of preventing or inhibiting emesis and which may be easily procurable in both rural and urban areas of Pakistan. Keeping this objective in view, Cymbopogon citraus and Prunus domestica were selected to evaluate its anti-emetic action. Both the herbs are indigenous, cost effective and safe for use. Cymbopogon citratus On phytochemical analysis it was observed that alcoholic extract of C. citratus leaves possess most important vital chemical constituents like triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, sterols, protein and carbohydrates. A dose dependant antioxidant activity is present in crude extract of the leaves of C. citratus and its ethyl acetate fraction, while in the case of chloroform and n-butanol fractions a non-significant activity was found which is increasing very little as the concentration is increased. Significant antibacterial activity is found against Salmonella typhi. A moderate activity was found against Bacillus cereus and Proteus mirabilus. According to acute oral toxicity test results, the test drug C. citratus was found safe up to the dose of 7.5g/kg body weight. It was found that the test drug has slight CNS depressant effects. C. citratus extract possesses significant analgesic activity persisting for 1 hour and then the effect started diminishing up to 4 hours at 300mg/kg dose. When the dose is increased to500mg/kg body weight the values are slightly increased. The results of anti-emetic assay revealed that C. iiicitratus possesses very low activity against emesis at lower dose (26.45% inhibition) and high activity against emesis at high dose (48.23 % inhibition). Prunus domestica The phytochemical screening reveals that the alcoholic extract of P. domestica contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, sterols, protein and carbohydrates which were also confirmed by other research studies. Significant antioxidant activity at all concentrations in ethyl acetate fraction and at 5% concentration in crude extract and chloroform fractions was found. A highly significant antibacterial activity is present against E. coli, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilus. The ethanol extract of P. domestica did not show any untoward effect up to the dose of 5g/kg body weight. The animals were found active and alert after the administration of the test drug at both doses. They were found to have a strong grip up to 4 hour period of observation. Their pain, sound and touch responses were found to be normal. Pinna reflex was also found to be accurate. The extract of P. domestica has a CNS stimulant effect up to 3 hours of administration of drug. The results of analgesic activity revealed that at 500mg/kg dose, possesses highly significant and prolonged activity in dose dependent manner. In anti-emetic assay the results are expressing mild significant activity at 300 mg/kg dose and highly significant activity at the dose of 500mg/kg body weight, which is almost equivalent to that of standard anti-emetic drug i.e. Motilium. In short after pharmacological screening of ethanol extracts of C. citratus and P. domestica, it was found that both the plants extracts possess significant activities against different disease related with nausea and vomiting. Further research can be carried out to find the mode of action and the chemical constituents responsible for these pharmacological actions.
جنہاں باغاں نوں چھڈ گئے مالی شاخاں نیں کُرمائیاں ہویاں قول نبھاون توں نہیں ہٹ دے قسماں جنھاں چائیاں ہویاں بندے رناں پچھے لگ گئے بھائیاں وچ جدائیاں ہویاں بھکھ تے دکھ نہیں چھپ دے ہر گز زردیاں منہ تے چھائیاں ہویاں جتھے حسن تے جوبن ہووے اوتھے بے وفائیاں ہویاں مولی دھانے مہنگے ہو گئے زور دیاں مہنگائیاں ہویاں حقے وی نیں گھٹ دے جاندے ایسیاں کج ادائیاں ہویاں
The study examines the impact of climate change on the spread of
some diseases in Thi- Qar Province through collecting and analyzing data
about various weather elements and phenomena of some monitoring
stations ( Nasiriyah ) for a high-temperature climatic cycle of 78 years
(1941-2018). It is divided into seven consecutive and different time
periods, 1941-1951, 1952-1962, and 1963-1973, 1974-1984, 1985-1995,
1996-2006, 2007-2018. These elements and phenomena are solar
radiation, temperatures (maximum and minimum), wind (Dust storm,
rising dust, suspended dust), and the thermal extremes phenomenon (heat
and cold waves) The research aims to reveal the reality of trends in
climate of the province of thi qar, and find out the reality of the general
trend of the elements of climatic different by relying on a series of
evidence statistical number of climatic variables for the meteorological
station in Nasiriyah especially temperature, wind speed, relative humidity
and rainfall, and extreme dust The most important results of the research
showed that temperatures trending upward in sync with a clear reduction
in the amount of relative humidity and rainfall which threatens a sharp
repeating the phenomenon of drought in the future. The research study
has found that the City of Nasiriyah ranked first in human diseases for the
period 2009-2018, as the reasons for this level of diseases include that
Nasiriyah is subject to the recurrence of dusty weather phenomena due to
its proximity to the Western Desert Plateau, as well as the lack of cultivated and water-covered areas. This city witnesses serious air
pollutions due to the concentration of a large number of factories located
near inhabited areas, as well as, the spread of brick factories in the
regions of the city, such as, brick factories in the area of El-Islah. This is
public services, in addition to the building projects, deterioration of
sewage overflow, the spread of epidemics and insects harmful to human
health, other climatic environmental pollutants, such as the spread of
pollen, plant scents and air allergens, which contributed to the increase in
the severity of skin diseases, climate eyes, arthritis and respiratory
allergies. The city of Al-Shatra ranked second in the number of people
with climatic diseases, Al-Rifai ranked third with infected cases, Souk
Al-Shuyoukh ranked fourth, and finally Al-Jibayish ranked fifth and last
in people with climatic human diseases for the period 2009-2018 in Dhi-
qar province due to the same geographical, climatic, medical, and
environmental causes indicated earlier.
The stock market is a barometer of a country’s economy. The stock market of Pakistan was initiated in the year 1947 at Karachi. Later on two more stock exchanges were established in Lahore and Islamabad in the year 1970 and 1992 respectively. The intent of this study was to explore long run and short run relationships between four stock indices i.e. KSE100 index, General index, LSE25 index, and ISE10 index relating three stock exchanges namely Karachi stock exchange, Lahore stock exchange, and Islamabad stock exchange in Pakistan and five macroeconomic variables i.e. consumer price index, industrial production index, real effective exchange rate, money supply, and three months treasury bills rate. In order to investigate the long run and short run relationships Johansen cointegation technique and VECM was applied. The study used monthly data from November 1991 to June 2008 for analyzing KSE100 index and General index, while from December 2002 to June 2008 and from July 2004 to June 2008 for LSE25 index and ISE10 index respectively. The results showed that industrial production has long run positive impact on stock returns in all three markets. Exchange rate was positively affecting all indices except ISE10.Inflation was positively related with stock returns at Karachi Stock market, while it was negatively related with rest of the two markets. Increase in money supply had negative impact on the stock returns, while treasurery bills rate had mixed effect. The VECM analysis depicted that it takes more than four months for the adjustment of disequilibrium of the previous period in case of KSE100 index. In case of General index, nine months were required for disequilibrium adjustment. The disequilibrium in LSE25 index required five months for adjustment, while ISE10 showed the most speedy adjustment i.e. two months. The results of Innovation accounting revealed that macro economic variables explained more variance of forecast error incase of KSE100 index and LSe25 index than General index and ISE10.