Bio-energy is a sustainable and promising energy source owing to less greenhouse gas emissions. In Pakistan, there is no information available regarding the bio-energy production from plant biomass. In this framework, four experiments were conducted for the two-years at Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to determine the effect of different management considerations on the dry matter yield (DMY), composition, and, methane production from Sorghum bicolor. In the first experiment, ten different sorghum cultivars (JS-263, Jawar-2011, Hagari, JS-2002 and YS-2016) and lines (5025, 6024, 5018, 113 and 1914) were compared to sort out best genotype and lines regarding the DMY, composition and methane yield (MY).The second experiment was comprised of different sowing methods i.e., broadcasting, drill sowing, ridge sowing and bed sowing and sorghum cultivars, i.e., JS-263, Jawar-2011, Hagari, JS-2002 and YS-2016. The third experiment was comprised of three sowing dates, i.e. SD1= 1st May, SD2= 20th May, SD3= 10th June and sorghum cultivars, i.e., JS-263, Jawar-2011, Hagari, JS-2002 and YS-2016. The fourth experiment was composed of five harvesting times (HT); 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 days after sowing (DAS) and five sorghum cultivars, i.e., JS-263, Jawar-2011, Hagari, JS-2002 and YS-2016. The first experiment was executed in a RCBD and remaining three experiments were performed in RCBD with split plot arrangements and replicated three times. In the first experiment cultivars and lines featured significant differences for the DMY, quality and MY. Jawar-2011 and YS-2016 were the top performers with respect to methane production owing to higher DMY although they had minimum specific methane yield (SMY). Amongst lines L-5018 produced the higher DMY and MY as compared to other lines. In the second experiment planting methods and cultivars had a substantial impact on the growth, DMY and MY ha-1 basis. However, ridge sowing performed remarkably well and produced more DMY (+31%, +33%) and MY (+26%, +29%) as compared to broadcasting during both years. Although planting methods had no impact on the compositional attributes i.e., protein, sugars, fiber fractions, lignin, and ash contents and SMY. Amid cultivars, Jawar-2011 produced maximum MY (4193 m3N ha-1, 3874 m3N ha-1) afterward YS-2016 (3877 m3N ha-1, 3746 m3N ha-1) and JS-2002 produced minimum MY (3590 m3N ha-1, 3451 m3N ha-1) during 2016 and 2017.In the third study, early sowing had better growth and produced more DMY and therefore, the higher MY. Moreover, maximum protein (11.03%, 10.71%) and sugar contents (10.28%, 9.86%) were recorded in early sowing as compared to later sowing, however, later sowing had more NDF (54.96%, 56.06%) and lignin (5.02%, 5.15%) possibly due to more stem proportion. In early, sowing cultivar Jawar-2011 produced more DMY and MY and in later sowing YS-2016 performed appreciably well due to quick growth life cycle and produced maximum DMY and MY during both years. In fourth experiment Jawar-2011 and YS-2016 produced highest DMY than the other cultivars, and consequently the higher MY. Delaying in harvesting (120DAS vs 60DAS) resulted in significant differences in all the traits; increase in the DMY (+47%, +51%), ADF (+47%, +43%), NDF (+52%, +44%) and lignin (+52%, +49%), and reduction in protein (-29%, -27%) and ash (-28%, -29%) and SMY (-20%, -19%) during both years. Therefore, the outcomes of these studies would set premise for the countries like Pakistan who have recently focused on the bio-energy production from plant biomass.
آہ !مقیم الدین فاروقی ماہ ستمبر ۱۹۹۷ء میں کمیونسٹ پارٹی آف انڈیا کے سکر یٹری جناب مقیم الدین فاروقی دل کا دورہ پڑنے سے انتقال کر گئے۔انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ مرحوم فاروقی بڑے ہی ملنسار اور ہمدرد ِقوم انسان تھے۔مفکرِ ملّت حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانیؒ کے زبردست معتقد تھے ان کے پرستار تھے۔یہی وجہ ہے کہ کمیونسٹ پارٹی میں رہنے کے باوجود انہوں نے کسی بھی مذہب اسلام مغائر حرکت کو نہیں ہونے دیا۔ مسلم پرسنل لاء کے معاملے میں ان کے خیالات اپنی پارٹی سے بالکل مختلف تھے اوروہ اس معاملے میں اس آل انڈیا مسلم پرسنل لاء بورڈ کے موئد تھے جس کے سربراہوں میں حضرت مولانا عبدالماجد دریاآبادی، مفکر ملّت حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانی ؒ،حضرت مولانا سعید احمد اکبرآبادی، حضرت مولانا امیر شریعت منت اﷲ رحمانی ؒ جیسے اکابرین کانام گرامی رہا ہے۔ اورجس کے موجودہ کرتا دھرتا حضرت مولانا سیدابوالحسن علی ندویؔ دامت برکاتہم کااسم مبارک نمایاں ہے۔ایم فاروقی بیشک کامریڈ تھے لیکن اندرسے وہ پکّے مسلمان تھے۔ان کادل و دماغ اسلامی تعلیمات سے منور وسرشار تھا ۔غریب پرور اوررحم دل تھے دوسروں کے کام آناان کااصل مقصد تھا۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ سے دعا ہے کہ مرحوم کی لغزشوں کودرگذر فرما کران کے ساتھ رحم وکرم کامعاملہ فرما ئے اوران کی مغفرت فرما کرمقامِ رحمت میں جگہ عطا فرمائے۔ اٰمین ثم اٰمین۔ [م۔س۔ب، ستمبر ۱۹۹۷ء]
تعد وسائل الإعلام أداة تستخدمها العديد من المنظمات غير الحكومية في جميع أنحاء العالم. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التحقيق في الاستراتيجية التي تستخدمها المنظمات النسائية غير الحكومية في الجزائر لتعزيز ومناصرة المشاكل التي تؤثر على حقوق المرأة وتمكينها. يتم تحقيق ذلك من خلال النظر في كيفية تعبئة المنظمات غير الحكومية لمواردها واستخدام تقنيات محددة لدعم برامج تمكين المرأة. وتنتمي هذه الدراسة إلى البحوث الوصفية التي تختار طريقة مختلطة تجمع بين المقاربات النوعية والكمية. بتعبير أدق، استخدمت استبيانًا منظمًا وزع على 200 مستجيب و16 مقابلة شبه منظمة موجهة إلى مديري المنظمات غير الحكومية من 14 منظمة غير حكومية مختلفة في الجزائر العاصمة. تكشف النتائج أن المنظمات غير الحكومية تختار أدوات وسائل الإعلام اعتمادًا على صلتها بالجماهير والممارسات المستهدفة. في حين أن القنوات الإعلامية التقليدية لم تكن تستخدم بشكل متكرر من قبل المنظمات غير الحكومية وكانت فعالة من حيث الوصول إلى أهدافها الدعائية، كان لوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي تأثير أكثر عمقًا على الناس. ومع ذلك، استخدمته بعض المنظمات غير الحكومية للتأثير على الجمهور من خلال تعزيز النشاط وزيادة الوعي بقضايا المرأة. النظر في ظهور المرأة في أماكن جديدة، مثل وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، والتحقيق في وظيفة المساحات التي تم تشكيلها حديثًا في عملية التمكين يجب استكشافها وتقييمها بشكل أكبر لمساعدة المنظمات غير الحكومية على القيام بعمل أكثر فعالية في هذا المجال.
This study explores the possibilities and challenges of introducing the critical dimension of English language teaching in a graduate classroom in the Pakistani public education sector. It addresses the issue of a lack of critical consciousness among Pakistani graduates and attempts to expose the inadequacies in the prevalent English language teaching set up for developing such awareness. The need of fostering critical consciousness among learners and the reasons that may account for the lack of this important human resource have been thoroughly analyzed besides looking for the possibilities of fostering critical language awareness through English language learning. The major focus is on employing Critical English Language Teaching (CELT), based on Fairclough’s notion of Critical Language Study (CLS) (1993), through an action research in a Pakistani Graduate classroom. CELT serves as a practice of helping students achieve not just critical thinking but more appropriately critical consciousness that requires a harmonious development of all the aspects of a human personality; which may include physical, emotional, cognitive, creative, critical, moral, spiritual, aesthetical, intrapersonal as well as interpersonal skills. With CELT focus, a balanced development of personality necessitates the creation of a meaningful curriculum that relates to the reality of the students. On the one hand, the study observes the effects of a mode of CELT on the students as well as the learning environment in a Pakistani context. While, on the other hand, the challenges faced by a teacher and a student in the adoption of a critical mode of language learning as well as the adaptations needed in the existing setup have been analyzed at length. Critical English language learning has been found to contribute to language development in a socially and culturally relevant environment by integrating oral knowledge with the text book knowledge through engaging students in creative and critical discussions.