Home > Evaluation of the Oxidative Stress and Histological Alterations in Catla Catla Thala Exposed to Zno Nanoparticles and Estimation of Antioxidative Responses Due to Cinamomum Zeylanicum Cinnamon and Selenium
Evaluation of the Oxidative Stress and Histological Alterations in Catla Catla Thala Exposed to Zno Nanoparticles and Estimation of Antioxidative Responses Due to Cinamomum Zeylanicum Cinnamon and Selenium
Zinc oxide nanoparticles are being synthesized through various methods. In study, spherical and crystalline particles were effectively synthesized by using alkaline precipitation method from zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide. Mean size was lies around 36.77 nm and maximum particles were in 5 to 40 nm. The characteristics of synthesized ZnO NPs were determined by SEM EDX and XRD. In second part of study, consequence of ZnO NPs on the blood haematology, genotoxicity and DNA damage, oxidative stress and tissue alterations were studied by exposing Catla catla (55.7 ± 5.43 g weight and 25 ± 5 cm length) in chronic toxicity experiment (28 days). There were six treatments 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg L-1, where first treatment was the control and all treatments had three replications and each replicate had five fish. Blood and tissues samples were taken after the exposure of 7, 14 and 28 days of each treatment. The study revealed a significant difference of all the haematological parameters between control and experimental groups. The RBCs count was found increasing with the ZnO NPs concentrations and higher counts (2.91 ± 0.09 x106/mm3) were observed at 10 mg L-1; however, with the increase in dose intensity, a decrease in RBCs counts was seen due to anaemic conditions. The number of total WBCs counts was found to increase at 20 mg L-1 concentration (9329 ± 923/ mm3), which decreased after 40 mgL-1 to 80 mg L-1. Levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, MCV along with the other parameters including the value of MCH and MCHC were also variant between ZnO NPs and control, The assessment of toxicity in term of genetic materials was detected by employing micronuclei along with comet assay. Result disclosed increase in number of comet and micronuclei with changing concentration of ZnO NPs. Elevated level of frequency in comets and micronuclei was documented after 28 days and 80 mgL-1 treatment. Oxidative anxiety was assessed by detecting levels of certain enzymes in fish body including the SOD, CAT, GST, MDA and GSH in 7, 14 and 28 days treatment of ZnO NPs. Gills and liver demonstrated a reduction in xiv activity of CAT and GST in a dose reliant style. However, SOD increased in activity in retort to ZnO NPs as in MDA. Gills and liver tissues also reflected histological alterations. It was revealed that cinnamon had higher amount of total phenolic (11.66 ± 1.76 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoid content (11.55 ± 2.37mg RE/100 g), so; it is a good herb to decrease oxidative stress. FRAP, DPPH and ABTS free radicals having the values of 357.13 ± 50.90, 414.91 ± 97.63 and 917.22 ± 125.23 mg vitamin C equivalent per 100g respectively were used for confirmation. Both antioxidants (Cinnamon and Selenium) showed significant activities against oxidative stress. It was concluded; ZnO NPs persuaded toxicity and oxidative stress in treated C. catla where, cinnamon and Selenium have ameliorated effects reducing the oxidative stress and toxicity.
میں نے دکتور محمود سے کہا کہ پاکستان میں مختلف زبانوں اور رسم و رواج کے لوگ آباد ہیں ۔اس لیے وہاں ایک نہیں بلکہ کئی طرح کے رقص ملتے ہیں ۔پنجاب میں بھنگڑا ،لڈی ،سمی اور گدا وغیرہ شا مل ہیں۔ اسی طرح بلوچی چاپ ،جھومر اور لیوا رقص کرتے ہیں۔سندھی تہذیب میں دھمال اور ہو جمالو کا بہت زیادہ رواج ہے چونکہ سندھ صوفیا کی سر زمین ہے اس لیے ان کے مزاروں پر دھمال ڈالی جاتی ہے ۔جس میں وجد کی حالت میں مدھم سروں پر رقص کیا جا تا ہے ۔اس طرح پختونخواہ میں اتن خٹک اور چترالی و گلگتی رقص کو رواج ہے ۔خٹک رقص تلواروں کے ساتھ کیا جاتا ہے ۔ دکتور محمود نے کہا عرب میں بھی تلواروں کے ساتھ رقص کیا جاتا ہے ۔میں نے کہاجی بالکل میں نے سعودی شاہ سلمان کے ساتھ امریکی صدر ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ کو یہ رقص کرتے دیکھا ہے ۔اس پر دکتور محمود نے خوب قہقہہ لگایا کہنے لگے اس میں ٹرمپ وہی لگ رہے تھے جس کا ذکر آپ کے مرشد یوسفی نے لغت میں دیکھا تھا۔
میں نے دکتور محمود کو مخاطب کیا کہ آپ کو معلوم ہے پاکستان کے شمال میں کیلاش قوم آباد ہے جو بالکل منفرد تہذیب اور الگ تھلگ بود باش کے لوگ ہیں ۔ان کی خواتین خوبصورت زرق برق لباس زیب تن کیے سروں پر خوبصورت مالا پروئے ٹوپیاں پہنے ، کندھے سے کندھا ملائے ڈھول کی تھاپ کے ساتھ مدھم انداز میں ٹواینڈ فرو موشن میں رقص کرتے ہیں ، مگر حیرت کی بات یہ ہے کہ جب یہ لوگ اپنے مردے دفناتے ہیں تب اس رقص کا خوب اہتمام کیا جاتا ہے ۔اس نے حیرت سے پوچھا کہ تدفین کے وقت...
Abstract Pakistan has celebrated seven decades of independence but misfortunately the nation is still divided into several ideologies, believes, ethnicities, regionalism, provincialism, political and social classes. Throughout the world, education plays a significant role in nation building but the terrible upshot in Pakistan is the division of nation in the field of education and learning. There are numerous umbrellas under which our educational system is running. Therefore, current study objects to measure educational stratification and its effect on nation building process in Pakistan. In this regard, this research mainly focuses on four major prevailing educational systems such as; privately managed schools, public schools, army public schools and madarsa (religious educational institution). Data were collected through focus group discussions and analyzed by applying grounded approach theory. Four major themes emerged after data examination. These are uniformity of curricular, equal opportunities, political and bureaucratic involvement and lack of moral education. Study finds that education system is badly lacking in uniform ideology and moral learning. Furthermore, the poor system of education is negatively affecting nation building in Pakistan by enhancing public distrust, discrimination and regionalism. The results of the present study may be helpful in finding the way for uniform educational system which provide learning opportunities to every child without thinking of their caste, religion, language, economic class, political affiliation and ethnicity.
Biological sequence comparison is fundamental in extracting information that is valuable in applications such as protein structure prediction, predicting structural similarity, phylogenic analysis, homology detection, function prediction and discovering evolutionary relationship. Besides biologists, numerous researchers like mathematicians, statistician and even computer scientists attracted largely towards sequence analysis because of its involvement in various important applications. Protein classi cation is one of the major areas of research in recent years. Despite technological advances, classifying proteins accurately is still a big challenge. In this work, werst introduce an ant-inspired data mining approach for protein classi cation problem to investigate the e ectiveness of rulesbased approach. Supervised classi cation mechanism along with data mining concepts establishes compact and e cient rules classifying proteins into its correct family. Towards biological sequence analysis, we propose ASIF, a novel algorithm that consists of an alignment algorithm ASIFALIGN and a mathematical model (dASIF ) quantifying the sequence alignment. The proposed approach is based on intra-residue-distance and a plausible (unbiased) penalty factor. A standard dataset of DNA sequences are tested that produces reliable and robust sequence dissimilarities/similarities. Moreover, the proposed approach is used to construct a phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic trees constructed by our approach outperform other methods. In addition, the proposed approach is applied to protein secondary structure classi cation problem. A dataset of twelve secondary structures are used to validate the distance matrix for classi cation purpose generated by the new alignment algorithm and a mathematical model. Results produced by the new scoring model are very much encouraging which shows reliability of our approach. Our approach not only provides a solid ground for its applications but also performs the fundamental job of dissimilarities/similarities calculation at a reasonable computational complexity. Results reveal the signi cance of our approach and provide a basis of the proposed model to be adopted for other biological applications such as protein function prediction, homology detection and protein fold recognition problem. I would like to dedicate this thesis to My Father (A strong and gentle soul who taught me to trust in ALLAH, believe in hard work and rest assure for the best of the results), My Mother (late)(For being myrst mentor and a true guide in shape of her beautiful memories and love), My Brothers, Sisters and Family (For supporting and encouraging throughout my studies and research).