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Home > Evaporation in Flooded Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger With Nh3 and Nh3/Miscible Oil

Evaporation in Flooded Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger With Nh3 and Nh3/Miscible Oil

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Khan, Tariq Saeed

Program

PhD

Institute

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

City

Topi

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2497/1/2570S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726147867

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Plate heat exchangers (PHEs) provide better heat transfer performance and operational flexibility and are being used in many process, chemical and refrigeration industries. However, their effective use in industries requires accurate heat transfer and pressure drop performance data. An extensive literature survey is presented to document existing literature available and highlight the importance of present study. This survey demonstrated that although considerable single phase work has been carried out on the performance of plate heat exchangers, however, existing single phase correlations have large disagreement and limited applicability. Limited two phase experimental results, using CFCs and HFCs as refrigerants are available on PHEs but very few data are reported for natural refrigerants in PHEs. The main objective of this project is to experimentally investigate thermo- hydraulic characteristics of a commercial chevron plate heat exchanger in single and two phase applications with and without lubricant effects and develop generalized correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor. The design and setup details of the experimental facility and data acquisition system are described. Steady state single phase (water to water) and two phase (ammonia evaporation) experiments were performed to investigate heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of a commercial plate heat exchanger. Effects of plate geometry, heat flux and Reynolds number are considered in the single phase experiments. Experiments were performed for 30°/30° (soft), 60°/60° (hard) and 30°/60° (mixed) chevron plate configurations. For single phase experiments, Reynolds number (Re) is varied from 500 to 2,500 while the Prandtl number ranged between 3.5 and 6.0. Experimental data show strong influence of plate geometry and Reynolds number on the heat transfer and pressure drop in the plate heat exchanger. Considering the possible measurement errors, the experimental Nusselt number and friction factor data have an uncertainty of ±6.5% and 2.4% respectively. Based on experimental data generalized correlation to estimate single phase Nusselt number (Nusp) incorporating effects of plate geometry, Re and varying fluid properties has been proposed. The Nusp correlation represents experimental data within a ±2% error band for symmetric plate configurations with maximum deviation of ±4% for mixed plate configuration. The plate specific fsp correlations represent experimental data within a ±5% error band. The two phase steady state experiments, using ammonia as refrigerant, have also been performed on symmetric plate configurations, 60°/60°, 30°/30° and a mixed 30°/60° plate configuration. Experiments are conducted for -2°C, - 9°C, -14.5°C, -19.5°C and -25°C saturation temperatures. Majority of the experiments were conducted for 0.5 < exit vapor quality < 0.9 which is the range of interest. The range of other important parameters are; 1,225 < equivalent Reynolds number < 3,000 and 21 kW/m2 < heat flux < 44 kW/m2. For all three geometric configurations, the effects of mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature, exit vapor quality (x) and equivalent Reynolds number (Reeq) are considered on the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the plate heat exchanger. The two phase heat transfer coefficient (htp) is found to increase with an increase in the chevron angle for the entire range of heat flux and exit vapor quality. It also increased with an increase in saturation temperature. The uncertainty in experimental Nusselt number data is found to be maximum for low saturation temperature (-25°C) and is less than ±10%. Nucleate flow boiling dominated the low vapor quality regime (0.1 < x < 0.4) while convective boiling appears to play major role in the high vapor quality regime (0.5 < x < 0.8). Dry- out phenomenon is also observed for exit vapor quality beyond 0.8. Based on the experimental data a generalized correlation is proposed to estimate the two phase Nusselt number. The two phase Fanning friction factor decreased with an increase in Reeq. However, it is found to increase with an increase in saturation temperature. Considering all data measurement errors, an uncertainty of ±2.6% is found in the experimental friction factor data. Correlations to estimate two phase friction factor are also developed. Effect of miscible oil on the thermal-hydraulic performance of the plate heat exchanger has also been investigated. Experiments were conducted on the mixed plate configuration for five temperatures ranging between -2°C and -25°C with miscible oil concentrations of 3%, 6% and 9% by volume in liquid ammonia. The experimental results of miscible oil/ammonia mixture have been compared with pure ammonia data. The heat transfer coefficient is found to increase with an increase in oil concentration up to 3% but reduced with further increase in oil concentration. However, the effect of oil concentration is not significant on pressure drop, especially, at high saturation temperatures. At low saturation temperature and high oil concentration values, the pressure drop increased with a decrease in the saturation temperature. An uncertainty of about ± 10% is found in experimental two phase heat transfer coefficient data, while an uncertainty of less than ±3% is found in the experimental friction factor data. Generalized Nusselt number and friction factor correlations incorporating effects of oil concentration, Reeq, equivalent Boiling number, plate geometry and reduced pressure have been proposed. These correlations represent experimental data quite well. All experimental data are compared with previously published works.
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باب نہم: قدرتی وسائل کےآداب واخلاق

طہارت و نظافت کا اصول

اسلام زندگی بسرکرنے کے ہر پہلو کے متعلق ہدایات و احکام کا جامع تصور دیتا ہے۔ اسلام میں پاک و صاف وسائل ِ حیات کے استعمال کی ترغیب دی گئی ہے۔ اسلام میں طہارت و نظافت کے معاملے میں انتہائی مثالی تعلیمات و ہدایات بیان کی گئی ہیں۔ اسلام آلودگی و گندگی سے نفرت اور صفائی و پاکیزگی سے محبت کا جذبہ پیدا کرتا ہے۔ اصول ِ طہارت پر عمل کرنا حکم الہی ہے۔ طہارت کے اصول کی پیروی سے انسان فکری پاکیزگی حاصل کرتا ہے۔ اگر کوئی انسان اپنے نفس کو پاکیزہ رکھنا چاہتا ہے تو اسے لا محالہ طہارت کے اصول پر عمل کو اپنی اولین خصلت بنا نا ہوگا۔ طہارت کے اہتمام سے انسانی قلب و رووح میں نورانیت پیدا ہو جاتی ہے۔ فقہ اسلامی کی ہر کتاب کا آغاز کتاب "کتاب الطھارۃ "کیا جاتا ہے۔ شاہ ولی اللہ ؒ نے حجتہ اللہ البالغہ میں طہارت و نظافت کے اصول پر تفصیلی اور فکر انگیز روشنی ڈالی ہے اور اصول ِ طہارت کو اساسیاتِ اخلاق کے اولین درجے پر فائز کیا ہے۔ اصول طہارت کی پیروی انسانی فطرت کا خاصہ ہے۔

علامہ راغب اصفہانی کے مطابق طہارت کی دواقسام ہیں:

" والطَّهَارَةُ ضربان: طَهَارَةُ جسمٍ، وطَهَارَةُ نفسٍ، وحمل عليهما عامّة الآيات"[1]

طہارت کی دو قسمیں ہیں: 1۔ جسمانی و ظاہری طہارت 2۔ قلبی و باطنی طہارت قرآنی آیات میں جہاں بھی طہارت کا ذکر کیا گیا ہے، وہاں یہ دونوں قسم کی طہارت و نظافت پر عمل کرنا مراد ہوتاہے۔ امام بخاری ؒ نے صیح بخاری کا آغاز نیت کے اخلاص یعنی قلبی پاکیزگی سے کیا ہے۔ یعنی دل کی صفائی کو جسم کی صفائی پر فوقیت و برتری حاصل ہے۔

قرآن...

سیرت نبوی کی روشنی میں بغاوت (خروج) سے متعلق احکامات کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Islam orders to obey the ruler and not to indulge in activities that may cause disruption & instability of an Islamic state. This research discusses rules & regulations based on sīrah about rebellion (khurūj), and relevant topics from Islamic Jurisprudence. The basic question of this research is whether revolt against the ruler is permissible and what would be the punishment? This research elaborates four types of rebellion. Rulings of Muslim scholars regarding rebellion are subjected to the different positions of rulers. According to all school of thoughts the khurūj is not permitted if the ruler is lawful and serving his community with justice. In contrary, there is difference of opinions about the tyrannous and iniquitous ruler. This article concluded that majority of Muslim Scholars do not permit khurūj in any case, some others laid down very strict conditions in this regard.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Female Sexual Dysfunction Amongst Women Using Hormonal and Non-Hormonal Contraception at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi Clinics

Background: Female sexual function is a complex phenomenon. It integrates all the body systems and is influenced by a variety of factors. Contraceptives have been shown to have variable effects on female sexual function, but there have not been adequately powered studies on this in our setting. Justification: The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) has been shown to vary among different population subsets globally. The associations of different factors with FSD have also shown variable conclusions that are not generalizable to our setting. In Kenya there is a high discontinuation rate of contraception and this is mainly attributed to its related side effects. This has created a need to study the prevalence of, and the significant factors affecting FSD among those using contraception in our setting. Objectives and methods: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of FSD among women using hormonal and those using non-hormonal contraception and to examine the factors associated with it. A cross-sectional study was conducted at clinics within AKUHN. Consecutive sampling of women of reproductive age using either hormonal or non-hormonal contraception was done. Two questionnaires, one on demographic profiles and the other on the female sexual function index (FSFI) were completed. Independent associations of the factors with the outcome variables were assessed using Chi square test of association and variables with a P< 0.25 used in the multivariate analysis. Factors associated with FSD were determined using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 566 participants were included. The prevalence of FSD among those using hormonal and those using non-hormonal contraception was 51.5% and 29.6% respectively (P<0.0001). Using logistic regression we found that the factors that were associated with FSD were presence of chronic illness and use of chronic medication, self-employment and unemployment statuses, alcohol intake and history of miscarriage(s). Conclusions and recommendations: There was a high prevalence of FSD in our setting. There was a strong association between hormonal contraception and FSD amongst those using it. More studies on this topic in different settings are recommended to investigate effect of each type of hormonal method on FSD.