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Home > Exploring the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Chickpea Cultivated Germplasm & Genetic Basis of Flower Color Polymorphism in Chickpea Cicer Arietinum L.

Exploring the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Chickpea Cultivated Germplasm & Genetic Basis of Flower Color Polymorphism in Chickpea Cicer Arietinum L.

Thesis Info

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Author

Sani, Syed Gul Abbas Shah

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Plant Pathology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11650/1/Syed_Gul_Abbas_Shah_Sani_Plat_Pathology_2018_QAU_18.07.2019.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726164082

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Assessment of genetic diversity and genetic framework/structure in chickpea crop has important effects on plants breeding programs and preservation of inherited resources. New types of markers have improved our ability to quickly and cost effectively uncover potentially useful variations in large chickpea germplasm collections in gene banks. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are recently developed markers, which are very effective in discovering inherited diversity. Little is known about the level of genetic diversity in these accessions to advance elite varieties. Chickpea production is predominant in arid & semiarid regions, such as in Pakistan, faces immense challenges of drought and heat stress. Addressing these challenges has made more difficult outstanding to lack of genetic and phenotypic characterization of available cultivated varieties and breeding materials. Genotyping-by-sequencing offers a rapid and cost-effective means to identify genome-wide nucleotide variation in crop germplasm.In this study, we have compared genetic variations and population structure of a previously uncharacterized collection of chickpea cultivated germplasm. Here, we used 31,995 SNP markers to estimate the genetic diversity and population structure in collection of 952 landraces and elite cultivars from the second centers of diversity and Fertile Crescent (Ethiopia, India, Pakistan & Turkey). For Pakistani accessions, we used 8,113 SNP markers to determine genetic variations and compare population structure within 77 landraces and 5 elite cultivars, currently grown in situ on farms throughout the chickpea growing regions of Pakistan. The compiled landraces span a striking aridity gradient into the Thal desert of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Despite low levels of variations across the collection and limited genetic structure, we found some differentiation among accessions from arid, semi-arid, irrigated, and coastal areas. In a subset of 232 markers, we discovered evidence of differentiation along gradients of elevation and isothermality. Our results highlighted the utility of exploring large germplasm collections for nucleotide variation associated with environmental extremes. And further to use this data to nominate germplasm accessions with potential to improve crop drought tolerance and other environmental traits.To investigate the basis of genetic factors controlling flower color in chickpea, molecular and genetic characterization of colored flower and white flower chickpea accessions were performed. This unique white flowered color RS11 Chickpea accession lacking the anthocyanin in flower tissues. The genetic constitution of this accession is different to other white flower chickpea accessions because when it was crossed to another white flower color accession, they produced colored F1. None of white flower chickpea can synthesize mRNA corresponding to Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) gene, also called anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) on B and C locus. Molecular analysis of white chickpea revealed the presence of full deletion Intron, spanning both exon with in coding region of LDOX gene. Phenotyping and genotyping of F2 generations from cross between RS 11 (white flower) and 96029 (color flower) revealed segregation for flower color according to the Mendel’s pattern of segregation. Color and white flower phenotype demonstrated its complete linkage with the deletion in LDOX gene inherited as a recessive gene trait. Taken together the findings indicated that mutation in LDOX genes which is present on C locus here in RS 11 is responsible for white flower color in this chickpea accession.
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مولانا لطف اﷲ

مولانا لطف اﷲ صاحب کی وفات

در روزگار عشق تو ماہم فدا شدیم               افسوس کز قبیلۂ مجنون کسے نماند

          قدیم عربی مدارس کے در و دیوار اگرچہ ظاہری شان و شوکت کے لحاظ سے روز بروز بلند ہوتے جاتے ہیں، لیکن جھک کے دیکھتے ہیں تو سنگ بنیاد متزلزل نظر آتا ہے، ہماری قدیم تعلیم و تربیت کی جو یادگاریں، ان مدارس کا اساس تھیں، ایک ایک کرکے مٹ گئیں، ایک مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم رہ گئے تھے لیکن ۱۸؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۱۶؁ء کو صرصرفنانے ہماری علمی انجمن کے اس چراغ کو بھی گل کردیا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔

          مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم میں قدیم تعلیم و تربیت کی تمام خصوصیات باکمل وجوہ موجود تھیں، علم اخلاق، اور مذہب قدیم تعلیم و تربیت کا مایہ خمیر تھا، اور انہی محاسن کی بناء پر ہمارے علماء قوم میں عزت، رسوخ اور اثر پیدا کرتے تھے، مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم کی ذات میں نہ صرف یہ محاسن جمع ہوگئے تھے، بلکہ وہ ان اوصاف میں عموماً اپنے اقران و اماثل میں ممتاز کیے جاتے تھے۔

          اشاعت علم خالصۃً لوجہ اﷲ ہمیشہ ہمارے علماء کا تمغۂ امتیاز رہا ہے اور مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم نے اپنی عمر کا ایک کافی حصہ اس نیک کام میں صرف کیا، ہندوستان میں آج جس قدر علمی سلسلے قائم ہیں، اور جو علماء آج مسندنشین درس و تدریس ہیں، ان میں اکثر ایسے ہیں جنھوں نے مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم کے خرمن فیض کی خوشہ چینی کی ہے۔لیکن اﷲ تعالیٰ نے دولت دنیا سے بھی مولوی صاحب مرحوم کو کافی حصہ عطا فرمایا تھا، وہ ریاست حیدرآباد میں بمشاہرہ ایک ہزار مدتوں افتاء کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے، لیکن...

Global Structural Changes and Global Islamic Identity

Globalization is slowly changing life and traditions of many people over the World, dramatically seeking changes in the traditional relationship between the community and people, creating a new sensibility and creativity in relationships between social groups. These changes necessarily require a new social and political model of organization for community, reorganizing and changing the nature of relationship between states.  Effort to protect identity of people usually convey in the form of the fear of the subservient economic, cultural and political position in the process of globalization. This fear frequently produces powerful vibrations indicating the need of integration of social groups with the same or similar cultural identity, what opens up a new dimension of the internal political crisis between government and society. This crisis will produce particularly dramatic changes in Islamic world generating a powerful conflict between state and society in Islamic world, with unpredictable development of relations between Islam and West.

Formulation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Statistically Optimized Solid Lipid Microparticles of Cardiovascular Drugs

The use of Ivabradine (IBH) and Nebivolol (NEB) are considered as being effective and safe but their short plasma half-life and decreased bioavailability in conventional formulations demand frequent dosing which ultimately reduce patient compliance. The purpose of this research was to prepare Solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) of IBH and NEB to overcome the inadequacies associated with conventional formulation and to release drugs in a sustained fashion. Preliminary studies were performed to identify the effect of independent variables like concentration of lipid polymer like beeswax (BW), carnaubawax (CW), stearic acid (St-A), Glyceryle monostearate (GMS) and surfactant like tween 20 (T-20) and tween 80 (T-80). IBH and NEB loaded SLMs were designed in five different batches with different concentrations of a single or combination of lipid polymer by simple melt emulsification technique and solvent evaporation method. Central composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied on every batch of SLMs to study the impact of three independent variables on responses like percentage yield (Y1), entrapment efficiency-EE-(Y2) and drug release (Y3) at pH 6.8 for 12hr. In every batch of SLMs, the compatibility of drugs with lipid polymer was checked by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder Diffractometry (XRD). SLMs were further analyzed for rheological behavior, zeta potential, size and for morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM).The drug release data was analyzed by different kinetic models. Numerical optimization techniques were applied and an optimized formulation (OF) from every batch (total 5 optimized formulations) were further prepared and then characterized for in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetic behaviour in healthy male volunteers. Before performing in-vivo drug analysis, HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of IBH and NEB was developed and validated for linearity and range, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, recovery, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The experimental conditions of HPLC method were optimized by using CCRD, in which, flow rate, pH of buffer and wavelength were used as independent factors in order to optimize three dependent factors like retention time, number of theoretical plates and tailing factor of NEB and IBH. Noncompartmental model approach was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters including the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-∞), Tmax, Cmax, t1/2, MRT and kel. All data was expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation). Spherical, smooth surface SLMs having good rheological behavior were obtained. The resultant data from FTIR, DSC and XRD concluded the absence of any interaction between formulation components. Zeta-potential study confirmed better stability of optimized SLMs because of presence of negative charge on OF1 (-30mV to 52mV), OF2 (-25mV to -60mV), OF3 (-20mV-40mV), OF4 (-20mV to -40mV) and OF5 (-40 to -60). The size of SLMs ranged from ranged from 300µm to 400µm (OF1), 20µm to 120µm (OF2), 80µm to 220µm (OF3), 20µm to 100µm (OF4) and from 05µm to 20µm (OF5). The SLMs prepared from solvent evaporation technique (OF2, OF4, OF5) were found to have smaller size with smoother spherical surface as compared to SLMs (OF1) produced by simple emulsion congealing technique. The dependent variables had followed quadratic, 2F1 and linear models. The obtained outcomes of Y1, Y2 and Y3 for all of the SLMs have shown a significant dependence on formulation conditions. The Y1 and Y2 were found to be varied from 38 to 90% and 29 to 78% indicating the effect of formulation variables. The drug release Y3 was found to be 46 -88% and was significantly (p˂0.05) affected by lipid polymer concentration. The release mechanism followed the zero order and Korsmeyer-Peppas (n˃0.85) kinetic models suggesting slow erosion alongwith diffusion mechanism. A highly precise, robust, economical, specific, sensitive, less time consuming and accurate HPLC method was successfully developed and validated in mobile phase and human plasma as evident from short retention time and run time. The mobile phase consisting of mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer maintained at pH of 3.5 in the volumetric ratio of 1:1 led to achievement of the best resolution. The optimized HPLC experimental conditions involve a flow rate of 1 mL/min under which, a good retention time of 3.591 minutes for NEB and 2.21 minutes for IBH was obtained. The optimized SLMs OF3 (Group C), OF4 (Group D) and OF5 (Group E) have significantly higher (P˂0.005) Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-24, MRT0-24 and t1/2 than those obtained from OF1 (Group A) and OF2 (Group B) because of use of a combination of lipid polymers. However, OF1 and OF2 were found to be better as compared to marketed brands of IBH (Group F) and NEB (Group G).The difference in Tmax, AUC0-24, MRT0-24 for OF3, OF4, OF5 was found to be statistically insignificant, however these parameters were found to be higher for OF5. The marketed brands of IBH and NEB released the drugs immediately resulting in rapid drug absorption with lower Tmax and lower AUC values. Results of the study clearly depicted the suitability of lipids as carriers for designing a controlled release SLMs which would definitely increase the clinical utility of IBH and NEB to improve the patient compliance by decreasing dosing frequency and drugs associated side effects particularly in the cases of chronic illnesses like Hypertension. The results of pharmacokinetic analysis were quite suggestive of prominent effect of SLM formulations on in-vivo behavior of drugs and they can be considered a prospective administration system for once-a-day oral administration of a medicament. Key Words: Beeswax, Carnauba wax, Central composite rotatable design (CCRD), DSC, FTIR, Glyceryle monostearate, HPLC, Ivabradine, Melt Emulsion Congealing Technique, Nebivolol, Solid Lipid Microparticles, Solvent evaporation process, Stearic acid, XRD.