Multiferroics, displaying more than one ferroic characteristics in the same phase, constitute an energetic group of materials with rich fundamental Physics and many promising applications in modern technologies. Polycrystalline fine powders of Bi0.9Sr0.1FeO3 (residue-BSFO), Bi0.9Sr0.1Fe1-xMnxO3 (BSFMO) (with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) and Bi0.9La0.1Fe1-xCrxO3 (BLFCO) (with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) are synthesized successfully at relatively low temperature by sol-gel auto combustion, using both glycine and urea as chelating agents. BSFMO samples were sintered at 550 ℃ for 3 h while BLFCO samples at 600 ℃ for 2 h. The structural, morphological, dielectric, electrical, magnetic and ferroelectric properties of the synthesized samples were explored using the corresponding characterization techniques. Rietveld''s refined XRD patterns of all the prepared samples have confirmed that phase pure BFO ceramics were synthesized which exhibited distorted perovskite crystal structure (ABO3 type) having space group R3c (161). Co-doping of Sr/Mn & La/Cr at Bi/Fe sites respectively in BFO have not altered the crystal symmetry of the parent compound. FESEM images showed homogeneous microstructures with uniformly distributed and well interlinked multi-shaped grains with varying sizes, intergranular porosity and few cracks as well as a decreasing trend in grain sizes with increasing doping contents. The crystallite sizes calculated by Scherrer''s formula are in the range of 9.2-15.0 nm for BSFMO and 5.8-13.7 nm for BLFCO samples. The average grain sizes shown by SEM images are in the range of 50-80 nm for BSFMO and 8-20 nm for BLFCO samples. EDX results have confirmed that all the parent and the doped elements (Bi, Fe, O, Sr, Mn, La, and Cr) are present in the synthesized samples according to their stoichiometric ratios. The dielectric behavior of all the samples have exhibited the conventional ferrite trend depicting larger values at lower frequencies which then exhibited decreasing trend with increasing frequency and finally became constant at higher frequencies. Complex impedance spectroscopy revealed the contribution of grains, grain boundaries and interfaces. The frequency dependent Nyquist and electric modulus graphs confirmed the non-Debye type relaxation. The formation of bonds between different atoms within the BSFMO compositions are identified through FTIR. Both magnetization and polarization have been observed in all the synthesized samples which have confirmed that the synthesized BFO based nanoparticles possess more than one ferroic order in the same v phase, and at the same time i.e. the samples exhibit multiferroicity. In the present work, the characteristics shown by the samples have been explained on the basis of dopant elements, their doping percentage, purity of phases, grain sizes and their microstructures. In summary, the sol-gel auto-combustion technique is suitable to synthesize phase pure BFO ceramics if the stoichiometric ratios of raw materials and the reaction parameters are controlled. The synthesized samples for the present research work are more pure, better and cost effective as compared to those which were found in literature. Almost all the prepared samples are impurity free so, the contribution of parasitic phases in improving multifunctional properties of the synthesized samples is negligible. Co-doping of Sr/Mn in Bi0.9Sr0.1Fe1-xMnxO3 and La/Cr in Bi0.9La0.1Fe1-xCrxO3 compositions have yielded improved and viable multiferroic features which would be beneficial to fabricate multifunctional devices for future technology in order to fulfill the needs of coming generations.
اردو اور فارسی شاعری کے علاوہ اقبال نثری تصانیف بھی لکھتے رہے۔ ان کی نثری کتب کی بھی بہت اہمیت ہے۔ ان کی پہلی نثری کتاب” علم الاقتصاد“ تھی جو 1904ء میں شائع ہوئی ۔ اقبال اسلامیہ کالج لاہور میں اقتصادیات اور تاریخ پڑھاتے تھے اس وقت معاشیات پر آپ نے اردو میں یہ کتاب لکھی اور خود ہی شائع بھی کروائی ۔اس کتاب کے مقدمہ میں اقبال نے غریبوں ، کسانوں اور ناداروں سے بہت محبت کا اظہار کیا ہے۔ زمینداروں، سرمایہ داروں اور کارخانہ داروں کے ظلم اور ناروا سلوک کا بھی اقبال نے ذکر کیا ہے۔ مقدمے کے آخری جملے میں اقبال نے علامہ شبلی نعمانی کا شکر یہ ادا کیا ہے کیونکہ علامہ شبلی نعمانی نے کتاب کے زبان و بیان کی اصلاح فرمائی تھی۔ اس طرح اقبال کی پہلی کتاب کو علامہ شبلی سے بھی نسبت رہی ہے۔
Ashaykh Mahmūd bin Abī Bakr bin Abīulala bin Alī Al-bukhārī Al-kalābādhī is one of scholars of Mirāth. He was born in 644 A.H. And died in 700 A.H. He was a man of eminence in Central Asia. He visited many metropolitan cities across the world to get knowledge. During his foreign visits, he contacted great scholars of Islamic sciences. Similarly, thousands of students used to attend his lectures. Allāmah Kalābādhī was a man of letters. He wrote many books. Famous of them are: Ḥall ul Frāi Fī Sharah Naẓm Assirājiyah, Ḍaw us Sirāj Fī Sharah Assirājiyah, Mushtabeh un Nasab Fī Asmā ur Rijāl, Mujamush Shuyūkh, Al Minhāj Al Muntakhab.
The present investigation explored the potential of various physical, chemical, thermal, non-thermal and biological interventions, individually and in different combinations, to reduce bacterial populations on meat surfaces, thereby improving the quality and shelf stability of raw beef during refrigerate storage. Clove essential oil, hot water washing, UV light treatment and bacteriophage therapy were employed individually on meat fillets (beef) to evaluate their potential to improve safety and quality of meat. Subsequently, different combinations of these antimicrobial interventions were used as multiple hurdle technology to inactivate surface microflora of beef. Prior to any applications, clove powder was nutritionally characterized, and following optimization of an extraction protocol, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial efficacy of clove extracts was measured. For the extraction of polyphenols, four extraction methods were used: ethanol extraction (EE); n-hexane extraction (HE); petroleum ether extraction (PE); and steam distillation extraction (SE). Among these extraction methods, clove oil obtained through HE demonstrated highest extraction yield (48.84±0.13%), total phenolic contents (54.05±0.93 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (15.54±0.46 mg quercetin/g), FRAP value (0.69±0.03 mg/mL) and DPPH activity (0.29±0.01 mg/mL). Additionally, HE clove extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all experimental pathogens, producing zones of inhibition of 24.27±0.32 mm for S. Typhimurium, 25.8±0.20 mm for E. coli and 29.67±0.35 mm for L. monocytogenes. With highest susceptibility shown by L. monocytogenes. Moreover, response surface methodology was applied to optimize the treatment combinations for all antimicrobial interventions before their final application on meat. For clove oil treatment, meat samples were dipped in solutions of three concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) for three different time periods (1 min, 2 min, 3 min) and lowest total plate count (3.27 log CFU/g) and Listeria monocytogenes concentrations (2.29 log CFU/g) were recorded in samples immersed in 1.5% clove solution for 3 min. Additionally, immersion in clove solutions was helpful in improving meat qualityand oxidative stability during storage of 15 days. For hot water treatment, total plate count and L. monocytogenes concentrations were lowest on meat samples washed with hot water at 90°C for 90 s i.e., 2.62 log CFU/g and 2.27 log CFU/g respectively. However, drip loss and purge loss percentages were slightly higher and slight discoloration was seen with increase in heat. However, pH, TVBN, and texture values remained in acceptable ranges for all the hot water-treated samples. UV application also reduced total bacteria concentrations with lowest concentrations of total plate counts (2.86 log CFU/g) and L. monocytogenes numbers (2.71 log CFU/g) recovered on meat samples treated with UV light at 8 cm distance for 180 s. Likewise, treat with bacteriophages reduced growth of L. monocytogenes during storage from 5.2 log CFU/g on Day 1 to 3.9 log CFU/g on Day 5, 3.5 log CFU/g on Day 10 and 2.9 log CFU/g on Day 15. Among multiple hurdles, obtained log values of total plate count and L. monocytogenes numbers were 4.35 and 3.92 log CFU/g for dipping in clove oil solution (0.5%) at 60°C for 1 min., 3.31 and 3.26 log CFU/g for hot water wash (60°C) + UV treatment, 3.43 and 3.25 log CFU/g for clove solution dipping (0.5%) + UV treatment and 2.52 & 2.30 log CFU/g for hot water wash (60°C) + clove solution dipping (0.5%) + UV treatment. For phage combinations, L. monocytogenes concentrations were 2.91 log CFU/g for Phage + 0.5% clove essential oil, 2.39 log CFU/g for phage + UV treatment and 1.8 log CFU/g for phage + clove extract + UV treatment. Taken together, these data indicate that individual mitigation treatments each reduced bacterial concentrations on meat surfaces, but multi-hurdle approaches that employed the different treatments on sequence were most effective.Importantly, most mitigation treatments reduced bacterial concentrations without a concomitant decreased on meat quality as measured here.