Diet based regimen is considered as an imperative approach to mitigate physiological dysfunctions. In this regard, red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) possesses significant antioxidant activity attributed to its biologically active betalains for the management of lifestyle related disorders. Purposely, present research was planned to assess the prophylactic potential of dietary beetroot supplementation in delaying hepatic and renal stress. In this respect, red beetroot was evaluated for proximate composition followed by extraction of bioactive moieties using solvents; ethanol, water and ethanol:water (1:1) at different time intervals i.e. 20, 40 and 60 min. Resultantly, extracts obtained at 40 min using ethanol:water depicted highest total phenolics (182.98±3.47 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (51.84±1.22 mg CE/g), betacyanins (69.69±2.36 mg/g), betaxanthins (35.41±2.25 mg/g) and total betalains (105.10±4.61 mg/g). Likewise, highest antioxidant activities were also exhibited by ethanol:water based extracts recovered at 40 min as evident from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (78.12±1.03%), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) (1.93±0.05 mM Fe2+/g) and 2,2''-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) (5.08±0.46 mM TE/g) assays. Hence, this extract was further used to prepare nutraceutical beetroot drink. In product development, three beetroot beverages namely beetroot juice (T1), functional beetroot drink (T2) and nutraceutical beetroot drink (T3) were prepared and assessed during storage. Amongst, T3 and T1 represented better physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory attributes during storage. Accounting this, beetroot juice (BJ) and nutraceutical beetroot drink (BND) were subjected to bioevaluation trial for assessing their prophylactic role against hepatic and renal stress. In bioefficacy, three studies comprising of normal (study I), hepatotoxic (study II) and renotoxic (study III) rats were reared in three groups in each study serving as control, BJ and BND treated animals, respectively. The biochemical markers exhibited non-momentous variations amongst the groups in study I whereas, momentous differences in biochemical markers of rats in study II and III. The provision of BJ & BND showed marked reduction in lipid peroxidation status of hepatic (32.51 & 27.22%; study II) and renal (19.23 & 23.09%; study III) tissues, respectively compared to respective control. Similarly, lowered nitric oxide levels were noted in BJ and BND treated rats (study III) as 11.32 and 8.56%, respectively. Considerably higher superoxide dismutase (28.12 & 25.33%) and catalase (21.43 & 24.21%) activities were noticed in hepatic tissues of rats in study II on pretreatment with BJ & BND, relatively. Likewise, renal tissues of BJ & BND treated rats demonstrated elevated superoxide dismutase (18.92 & 21.45%) and catalase (11.98 & 15.21%) activities, correspondingly with respect to renotoxic control. Amongst serum hepatic health biomarkers, BND treatment showed 25.39, 22.05, 26.02 & 24.07% whilst, BJ indicated 21.45, 19.23, 23.52 & 22.41% lower levels of ALT, AST, ALP & bilirubin, respectively than control (study II). Besides, reduced serum urea (19.47 & 23.19%) and creatinine (16.30 & 21.74%) values were expressed by BJ & BND treated renotoxic rats (study III). In contrary, total proteins, albumins and globulins were higher by 8.79, 8.64 and 8.96%, respectively in BJ whilst, 11.21, 10.96 and 11.47% in BND treated renotoxic rats compared to positive control. Histological assessment of liver and kidney tissues also indicated prophylactic role of beetroot based beverages in preserving cellular portfolio. Conclusively, dietary supplementation of red beetroot has shown effectual therapeutic control of oxidative stress mediated hepatic and renal dysfunctions. Hence, red beetroot based products should be encouraged in routine diet to alleviate lifestyle related disorders with special reference to liver and kidney health.
انسان جس امر کی کوشش کرتا ہے ،اس میں مسلسل محنت کے ساتھ جستجو اور خوب سے خوب تر کی لگن کی بدولت کامیا بی حاصل کر لیتا ہے ۔ہمارے تعلیمی نظام کی یہ خامی رہی ہے کہ طلبہ کسی بھی مضمون میں حادثاتی طور داخلہ لیتے ہیں اور پھر محنت سے جی چراتے ہیں ۔تعلیمی اداروں میں ایسا نظام بھی رائج نہیں کہ طلبہ اپنے مضمون میںعملی مہارت اور دسترس رکھتے ہوں ۔اس لیے بہت کم طالب علم اپنے مضمون سے انصاف کر پاتے ہیں ۔منان لطیفؔ کا شمار ایسے طلبہ میں ہوتا ہے جو ذوق و شوق ،محنت و لگن اور تلاش و جستجو کو اپنا شعار بنا کر اپنے مضمون میں دسترس حاصل کرنے میں منہمک رہتے ہیں ۔ان کا جوش و جذبہ اوائل میں ہی جھلکنے لگتا ہے اور محنت رنگ لانے لگتی ہے ۔چنانچہ ان کے ذوق و شوق کی پہلی جھلک ’’گرد شِ خاک‘‘کی صورت میں دیکھی جا سکتی ہے ۔جو اس کے بعض گُن اور خوبیوں کے اظہار کا مرقع ہے ۔منان لطیفؔ کو شاعری سے شغف ہے اور نثر پر مہارت ہے ۔چونکہ شاعری کے لیے طبع مناسب کے ساتھ ساتھ بعض تکنیکی امور بھی شامل حال ہوتے ہیں ،اس لیے ابتدائی طور پر نثری اظہاریے یا نثری نظم کی طرف توجہ کومعیوب خیال نہیں کر نا چاہیے ۔ اصل مقصد اظہارِ ذات ہے جو انسان کوکئی نفسیاتی اور معاشرتی عوارض سے محفوظ رکھتا ہے ۔اگر اس کی نظموں کا مطالعہ کیا جائے تو بعض مواقع سے قطع نظر اس کا جوہر کھلتا دکھائی دے گا ۔لفاظی ،لفظ تراشی ،لفظی بازی گری اور تراکیب سے واضح ہو گا کہ زمینِ ادب سے نکلنے کو بے تاب یہ ننھا پودا چھتناور درخت بننے کی بھرپور اہلیت رکھتا ہے...
Prison’s governance is gauged by safeguarding basic human rights in captivity and prisoners’ rights are detailed through rules, norms, and values. The present study assesses human rights paradigm enforced in Pakistan and evaluates the empirical situation in prisons in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mirrored with the legal governance structure in vogue in the province. For assessment purpose primary data is collected through interviews from ex-prisoners, policemen on duty and some officials of prisons in the province. Documentary evidence is employed to ensure data accuracy before analysis. Secondary data has been utilized to form bases of recommendation in the light of empirics been evaluated. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Prisons Rules 2018, Nelson Mandela Rules and United Nations Rules make the necessary legal paradigm to view the problems been faced by prisoners in the prisons. In the light of these legal instruments recommendations have been framed for betterment in the system of prisons’ governance.
In present scenario, customers are well aware about the price and feature of all the substitute of a product.
They have more awareness, more accessibility to the various brands in market. Generic competition among the
products has made the competition tougher.
The aim of this work is to understand the effect of optimum brand promotional activities to improve brand
equity. Students enrolled in university in faculty of management sciences were considered as target population.
Respondents were selected on the basis of non-probability convenience based sampling technique. A survey
questionnaire was conducted. The number of respondents was 273 which were included in the study.
Reliability test, descriptive analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis used for data interpretation. SPSS
20 version software was used for data analysis.
It is concluded from the study that celebrity endorsement, advertisement and sales promotion have significant
effect on brand image, brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty and perceived quality. Brand image
has significant positive effect on brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality and brand loyalty. It is
further evident that brand image has partial mediating effect on brand awareness, brand association and brand
loyalty through advertisement, celebrity endorsement and sales promotions. Brand image has mediating effect
on perceived quality through celebrity endorsement, advertisement and sales promotion.
The results of this study will help out the brand managers and marketing managers in beverage industry for
designing and launching the promotional mix. The study has been conducted in only one metropolitan city of
Pakistan. Respondents may be different in different cities due to their change in life style and preferences.
Future researchers can conduct the same study in different cities or at national level.