Accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in plants not only involved in imparting the colour in different plant parts but also acts as a great osmoregulator. The increase in turgor pressure through positive osmoregulation can leads towards improvement in fiber characteristics of cotton. Based on this fact, an effort was made in the current study to improve fiber in local cotton variety by transforming flavonoid genes dihydroflavonol 4- reductase (DFR) & Flavonoid 3’5’ hydoxylase (F3’5’H). The DFR is an active enzyme of the flavonoid pathway and highly substrate specific. Protein docking analysis revealed that proline rich region, amino acids at positions 12, 26 and 132-157 in Iris as well as Gossypium based DFRs were not involved in determining substrate preference but a play role in substrate attachment and anthocyanin production. The F3’5’H enzyme is known for synthesis of 3’, 5’- hydroxylated anthocyanins. Protein docking results showed the best binding energies of Viola F3’5’H with ligands i-e - 7.6 (naringenin) & -8.3 (quercetin), revealing its greater capability to reduce substrates and produce anthocyanins as compared to Gossypium F3’5’H which has binding affinities -7.9 (naringenin) and -7.4 (quercetin). Plant expression vector pCAMBIA-1301 was constructed with F3’5’H and DFR genes for cotton transformation. The excision of 4032 bp and 11000 bp bands from pCAMBIA-F3’5’+DFR through restriction digestion with KpnI and XbaI enzyme confirmed successful ligation of both genes in plant expression vector. After the confirmation of F3’5’H and DFR genes ligation in pCAMBIA1301, the recombinant plasmid (pCAMBIAF3’5’+DFR) was electroporated in Agrobacterium (LBA4404) cells by using electroporation device. The amplification of 476 bp and 537 bp through Agrobacterium colony PCR revealed introduction of recombinant plasmid in Agrobacterium. The cotton variety, VH-319 embryos were subjected to inoculation with Agrobacterium containing both genes and the cotton plantlets developed from the embryos were subjected to confirmation of transgenes. Amplified products of 476 bp and 537 bp from extracted genomic DNA confirmed successful integration of transgenes in cotton plants. Further signal obtained through hybridization of gene specific probe on nitrocellulose membrane in DNA dot blot assay also validated the presence of both genes in transgenic cotton plants. Overall transformation efficiency was calculated to be 2.1%. The mRNA expression level of F3’5’H and DFR genes was measured to be 1.0-5.3 and 1-4 fold higher in leaves and 1-3 fold higher in fiber of transgenic cotton plants respectively as compared to non-transgenic control cotton plants through quantitative Real Time PCR. Similarly, gene integration revealed single copy number of transgene F3’5’H and DFR on chromosome number 16 when subjected to fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and its Karyotyping. Quantitative estimation of anthocyanin contents in transgenic cotton lines was undertaken by pH differential method. Maximum obtained anthocyanin concentration was in range of 1.79 µg/g to 1.0 µg/g. The anthocyanins produced in transgenic cotton plants, though did not impart any phenotypic change but have shown a positive impact on other physical properties of fiber particularly length and strength. Fiber data analysis showed significant improvement in staple length which was found to be increased from 26.3 mm to 31.6 mm (20.1%), fiber strength ~ 23.8 to 32.4 g/tex (32.7%), uniformity index ~ 82-86 (5.2%) and the micronaire value was found to be improved from 4 to 3.2 µg in transgenic cotton plants. Electron microscopic examination showed that transgenic cotton fibers possess greater number of twists in addition to smooth and compact surfaces as compared to non transgenic control cotton plant. A positive correlation of transgene was found with physiology of transgenic cotton plants like maximum photosynthetic and evaporation rate along gaseous exchange in transgenic cotton plant which was recorded to be 6.5 µmol/m2/s, 6.55 mmol/m2/s and 154 mmol/m2/s respectively as compared to 3.2 µmol/m2/s, 1.67 mmol/m2/s and 54 mmol/m2/s in non transgenic cotton plants. Morphological traits like plant height were found as independent factor with respect to monopodial and sympodial branches. Two other key characters i-e boll and lint weight showed positive significant correlation according to Pearson correlation. The study resulted in provision of unique information for better utilization of this trait in molecular breeding program which in combination with other fiber trait will provide a great breakthrough to cotton growers and to textile industry in specific for saving their import losses.
ماہ گذشتہ میں آکسفرڈ سے ڈاکٹر ڈی، اے، اسمتھ، ال، ڈی کی وفات کی خبر موصول ہوئی ۔ ڈاکٹر موصوف مشرقی علوم سے خاص شغف رکھتے تھے، اور تاریخ ہند کے ایک مستند عالم سمجھے جاتے تھے۔ تقریباً ۱۸۷۰ء میں وہ ہندوستان میں ایک سویلین کی حیثیت سے آئے تھے، اور صوبہ متحدہ کے مختلف اضلاع میں مختلف مناصب پر فائز رہ کر کوئی بیس سال ہوئے پنشن لے کر وطن واپس گئے۔ ہندوستان کے سی (۳۰) سالہ قیام میں وہ نادر سکہ جات، کتبات وغیرہ بیش بہا تاریخی مواد فراہم کرتے رہے اور ملازمت سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد انھوں نے تاریخ ہند پر متعدد تصانیف شایع کیں، مثلاً اکبر اعظم، راجہ اشوک کا دورِ حکومت، وغیرہ جن میں سے بعض کتابیں ہندوستانی یونیورسٹیوں کے اعلیٰ نصابِ درس میں بھی داخل ہیں، ان کی آخری ضخیم تصنیف ’’آکسفرڈ ہسٹری آف انڈیاــ‘‘ حال ہی میں شایع ہوئی تھی۔ رایل ایشیاٹک سوسائٹی نے تمغوں اور دیگر اعزازات سے ان کی علمی خدمات کا بار بار اعتراف کیا تھا۔ (مارچ ۱۹۲۰ء)
If the determining of religious priorities is correct then religion also remains in its original state and the effects of religion also appear clear and conspicuous and if the priorities go wrong, then humanity goes far beyond the actual religion. And the attitudes of the religious oriented people also become a source of doubts regarding religion. And the low regard of religious personality also leads to the disgrace of the religion. Before we take a deep look at our religious priorities, it is important to understand that what is the importance of priorities in life and what is meant by religious priorities.
This research project encompasses the entire aspects of Shah Waliullah's thoughts in the domain of Islamic Jurisprudence (FIQHA), Social and Mysticism in a very logical and analytical approach, highlighting their utility in developing of a progressive and harmonious society. The research work has been developed systematically and chronologically in five chapters. Chapter-I discusses the complete biography of Shah Waliullah's with his academic and linguistic career and his pioneering role in renaissances of Islam in the sub continent. In Chapter-II the focus is made on contemporary position and status of Politics, socio-economic and Mysticism of the era of Shah Waliullah of 18th century as a revolutionary changed of period. It was a time of adversaries and general decline of national level. Chapter-III elaborates with detail of the Islamic Jurisprudence (FIQHA) and prominent sources of Islam i.e. QURAN, SUNNAH, IJMA, QIAS and other authentic sources of Sharia. The legal and constitutional uses of these sources have also been highlighted for the well being of the progressive society. Chapter-IV is purely related with the philosophical and developmental stages of the field of socials evaluation in the vision of Shah Waliullah. It has also been concluded that how to provide smooth and social justice to members of various community and nations. Moreover the complete political management system have also been diagnosed. In Chapter-V focus has been made on two different theories of existence i.e. VVAHDAT-UL-VVUJOOD (unity of existence of IBN-ARABI) and (WAHADAT-UL-SHUJOOD (unity of manifestation) which was put forward by Ahmad-Sirhindi. In the back drop of these two doctrines Shah Waliullah's specific theory in this regard introduced. In this chapter irregularities and adversaries in the society have also been discussed and the remedial measures for their satisfaction have been suggested in the field of Sufisim. Moreover, the significance and influences of inner human spiritual power has been explored and considered extremely helpful on
satisfying the members of the Muslim society.
So, the present comprehensive research reflects the past Islamic cultural heritage as well as the vision
for the future. As an eminent scholar Shah Waliullah's thought study resulted in his distinguishness
bridging so many gaps and help in solving much of the persisting confusion in relevant disciplines viz
Islamic Fiqha, Socials and Mysticsm.