Cotton fiber is the most important raw material used in textile industry throughout the world. Due to demand of good quality fiber for manufacture of fabrics, there is need to develop cotton varieties with improved fiber characteristics. Through conventional breeding, a number of cotton varieties have been developed. However, this technique has disadvantage of narrow germplasm and requirement of longer time period for selection of best lines. Using genetic engineering techniques, fiber genes may be directly introduced in cotton which may express under the control of certain promoters. Through gene expression profiles, tissue and developmental stage specific expression level of genes can be determined. Gene those have been expressed specifically in fibers or other tissues may be transformed to alter various characters. Upstream regulatory regions of theses gene may also be evaluated as promoter. Fully characterized promoters can be used as component of expression cassette for crop improvement through molecular breeding. Cotton fibers are unicellular seed trichomes and the largest known plant cells. Fiber development in cotton is a complex process involving a large number of genes expressed during each fiber development stage. The objective of the study was to determine expression level of fiber related genes in cotton. The expression level of eight fiber related genes (EXPANSIN, tubulins, LTP1, LTP3, LTP7, E6, SPS, and susy) was determined in cotton tissues using reverse transcriptase real time PCR. Three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) lines of varying fiber length were used to study the effect of genotypes on gene expression. The results revealed that transcription level of most of genes elevated from 5 to 20 DPA fibers. All genes showed similar expression pattern in all three genotypes. However, EXPANSIN was found to be highly expressed in long fiber variety during rapid elongation period than in medium and short fiber length. Sucrose synthase showed high expression in 15-20 DPA fibers and roots. Expression data may help also to explore the role of particular gene in fiber development. On the basis of expression profiles, two genes (SPS and LTP7) were selected. Upstream sequences of both genes were retrieved through high through put genomic sequences (HTGS) and analyzed using bioinformatics tool. About 2 kb region upstream of SPS and 1.8 kb upstream of LTP7 gene were selected for promoter isolation. Patent BLAST results of SPS and LTP7 promoter sequences confirmed that both were novel regulatory regions. Analysis of both promoter sequences using plantCARE revealed basal promoter elements including TATA box and CAAT box. There were various light regulated motifs, MYB binding sites and stress related motifs. Various motifs related to transcription activation and tissue specific expression were also identified in both promoters. Analysis of promoter sequences using plantPAN identified binding sites for transcription factors including MYBS, ERELEE4, GAREAT, ABRELATERD1 and WBOXNTERF3. Both SPS and LTP7 promoters along with their deletion fragments were isolated from genomic DNA of cotton leaves. A 1.5 kb deletion fragment for SPS promoter was cloned in expression vector. Two 5′ deletion fragments for LTP7 promoter (1 kb and 1.5 kb) were also cloned. Transient GUS expression assay revealed that full length SPS and LTP7 promoters were active in fiber tissues. Deletion derivatives (1.5 kb) of both promoters showed relatively weak GUS expression in fiber tissues. However, 1 kb LTP7 promoter was highly active in fiber tissues. No GUS expression was detected in root, shoot and leaf tissues. Agrobacterium mediated transformation in tobacco revealed that SPS promoter exhibited GUS stain in tobacco leaves in the form of patches while its 1.5 kb deletion fragment showed much low expression. Full length LTP7 promoter along with 1 kb LTP7 showed high vascular tissues specific expression in tobacco leaves. The novel promoters may be used to derive fiber specific expression in cotton and vascular tissues specific expression in heterologous system. The indigenous promoters can be used for specific expression of transgenes without IPR issues.
شاہ فیصل ۲۴؍ مارچ ۱۹۷۵ء کو سعودی عرب کے شاہ فیصل شہید کردیئے گئے، اس حادثہ جانکاہ سے اسلامی ممالک میں اندوہ و غم کا ایک بادل امنڈ پڑا کہ آہ! اسلام کا پاسبان، اسلامی حمیت و غیرت کا نگہبان، اسلامی موانست و یگانگت کا حدی خوان نہیں رہا، اسلامی زندگی کی قوت پنہاں کو آشکار، مسلمانوں کے سینوں میں عزائم کو بیدار اور ان کی نگاہوں کو تلوار کرنے والا جاتا رہا۔ مدتوں کے بعد بڑی مشکل سے اسلامی دنیا میں ایک دیدہ ور پیدا ہوا، جس کے مقاصد جلیل تھے، جس کی ادائیں دلفریب اور نگاہیں دلنواز تھیں، اسلام کے اس بطل حریت نے صرف گیارہ سال حکومت کی، مگر اس کے سارے کارنامے اسلامی تاریخ کے زریں باب بن کر رہیں گے، سعودی عرب کو دنیا کے متمول ترین ملکوں کی صف میں لاکھڑا کیا، مکہ معظمہ اور مدینہ منورہ کو سج دھج کر فردوس نگاہ بنادیا، پٹرول کو جنگی اسلحہ سے زیادہ مہلک تسلیم کراکے دنیا کی اہم طاقتوں کو بھی اپنے سامنے جھکنے پر مجبور کیا، حاتم طائی کی افسانوی سخاوت کی شہرت کو بلند کرکے عربوں کو اپنے مالی امداد سے سربلند اور سرخرو کیا، بچھڑے ہوئے مسلمان ملکوں کی دست گیری کرکے ان کو آگے بڑھنے کا حوصلہ دلایا، اسلامی بینک، اسلامی سکریٹریٹ، اسلامی خبر ایجنسی اور اسلامی سربراہ کانفرنس کی روح رواں بن کر یہ خاموش پیام دیا کہ توحید کی امانت سینے میں رکھنے والے اخوت کا بیان اور محبت کی زبان بن کردہر کو اسم محمد سے اجالا کردیں، اور جب کتاب ملت بیضا کی شیرازہ بندی سے پھر سے ہورہی تھی تو آیات الٰہی کے اس نگہبان کو اﷲ تبارک و تعالیٰ نے اپنی مصلحت سے اپنے پاس بلالیا، جہاں رخ در رخ محمدی سے کہہ رہا ہوگا: اب تو ہی بتا تیرا مسلمان...
The day to day interaction amongst people plav a key role in shaping of a person's social character and persona. Indeed Qur’an and Hadith have treasured guidance regarding the social life of man - as to groom and equip mankind to lead a positive and constructive social life in an Islamic society sociology as a discipline of knowledge borrows its roots and furnishing from the five pillars of Islam. They strengthen a man's character inwardly and outwardly - so as to allow a man to lead a peaceful and prosperous life. Islam and the principles of Qur’an advocate a social life that keeps its balance between the material and the spiritual aspect of life. It furnishes man with such qualities that he is not only successful in this life but in hereafter as well. This article is an effort to probe the sociological perspective of Islamic teachings - and its impact upon a man's social life
Background: Diabetes mellitus has spread as a pandemic on the globe, over the last few decades, with no geographical, cultural and economic bounds. Life style has emerged as the causative factor and its modification coupled with dietary intervention are the mainstay in its management. Recently the use of nutraceuticals has become popular alternative for the chronic diseases particularly diabetes. Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of some selected nutraceuticals in relation to placebo on management of Diabetes Mellitus Type-2. These included Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and Chromium Picolinate. The proximate analysis of Cinnamon & Fenugreek was also done to assess the amount of macronutrients, moisture, ash and fiber content. It was a Randomly Controlled Trial. A sample size of 104 subjects was selected which was equally divided in four intervention groups of 26 each (Cinnamon, Fenugreek, Chromium and Placebo). Biochemical parameters such as Diabetic profile (FPG, Insulin levels, HbA1c), Lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL , LDL and VLDL), Hepatic (ALT, ALP), Urinary/Renal profile (microalbumin, total urinary Protein & creatinine) and Blood Complete Picture was studied at three stages i.e. at baseline, three month after intervention and at end of one month washout period. The anthropometric, clinical and dietary data was also collected. The data was analyzed on SPSS 22. Apart from descriptive statistics, data was subjected to repeated measure analysis, and MANOVA to compare all the phases of intervention and inter comparative analysis of three nutraceuticals with placebo. Results: The result outcome was divided and discussed under A, B, C, and D of nutritional status assessment. i.e., Anthropometric, Biochemical, Clinical and Dietary profile of the patients respectively. Out of 104 subjects, 55.8% were males and 44.2% were females. 78% of the subjects were educated having different levels of education; while 22% had no formal education. Majority (63.5%) of the subjects were having sedentary life style. 97% of the subjects shared that they were suffering from some level of stress. Smoking was not common as 64% of the male subjects never smoked, while 87 % of the female population was non- smoker. 74% of the subjects had family history of diabetes, among these 57.70% had close diabetic near relative in the family. vii Majority (89.4%) of the subjects had BMI above normal. None was under weight and only 10.6% were in normal range. Obesity was more prevalent in females as compared to males in all three phases of the study. Intervention of the selected nutraceuticals and change in life style positively affected the mean values of BMI. Central obesity was common feature as 55.8% of the total population was suffering from it. The effect of interventions on anthropometrics was generally positive which was not specifically related to any one of the nutraceuticals as compared to placebo. The statistical analysis proved cinnamon was better in managing different aspects of T2DM with P value of <0.05 as compared to other two nutraceuticals. The descriptive analysis also depicted that the mean marginal difference of cinnamon had better effect on fasting sugar, insulin levels and HbA1c followed by chromium and fenugreek. All the nutraceuticals had some effect on lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL) with minor drop towards lower range as compared to placebo. It remained within normal range in all three phases of the study. The Huynh Feldt test was used to measure the significance of “Test of Within Subject Effects” in which the p- value of less than 0.05 which is significant and shows the considerable impact on the dependent variable i.e. diabetic profile. The clinical signs and symptoms and dietary patterns also improved by the end of intervention phase, the impact of which lasted even during the washout period. The estimated marginal means depicted that cinnamon was more prominent in its role followed by chromium and fenugreek with least effect of placebo. The multivariate analysis shows a highly significant difference between ALT levels of all phases (p=0.000). The comparison of different of interventions showed not much difference between them as the p-value was more than 0.050. This shows that although all interventions had some effect on maintaining the ALT and ALP levels of blood towards normal. It was safe to use as no liver toxicity was observed due to intake of any of the nutraceutical for three months.