Nigella sativa meal is a byproduct obtained after oil extraction that contains appreciable amount of protein. In the current exploration, characterization, extraction and bioevaluation of Nigella sativa meal protein isolates were conducted to develop protein enriched cookies. The protein isolates were prepared through different methods i.e. isoelectric precipitation, micellization and enzymatic extraction. The highest protein yield 79.69±0.70% was estimated in enzymatic protein isolates (EPI) followed by 64.65±0.64% in isoelectric precipitation (IPI) whilst, the lowest output 46.40±0.47% was noticed in micellized protein isolates (MPI). Furthermore, resultant isolates were evaluated for their functional properties. In this context, the highest bulk density was recorded for EPI followed by IPI and MPI. Conversely, the maximum water absorption capacity was observed in IPI trailed by EPI and MPI nonetheless, higher oil absorption was noticed for EPI. The foaming capacity (FC) was highest in IPI followed by EPI and MPI. Likewise, maximum emulsion capacity (60.74± 0.61%) was observed in EPI. The SDS-PAGE depicted that meal protein isolates had protein bands in the range of 6.5 to 116 kDa. Quantification of essential and non-essential amino acid was also carried out with reference profile. Amongst essential amino acids, the maximum lysine content (38.75±0.38 mg/100g) was observed in EPI followed by MPI (34.04±0.34 mg/100g) whilst, IPI had the lowest lysine concentration (29.33±0.29 mg/100g). The protein scores were 65.43, 53.27 & 55.14 for EPI, IPI and MPI, respectively. Additionally, the maximum PDCAAS 82.25±1.56% was noticed in EPI followed by MPI 80.21±1.13% whereas, the minimum scores 73.75±1.54% for IPI during the session 2010-11. Afterwards, bioevaluation trial was carried out through growth and nitrogen balance study parameters. The maximum protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR) and relative net protein ratio (RNPR) were observed in EPI followed by IPI and MPI, respectively for the year 2010-11. Similarly, nitrogen balance study parameters expounded the highest true digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) & net protein utilization (NPU) in EPI trailed by IPI. Similar trend for growth and nitrogen balance studies was noticed during the 2 nd year. On the basis of overall yield, functional properties and bioevaluation, one best protein isolate namely EPI was selected for cookies preparation. For the purpose, composite blends were formulated and analyzed for chemical and rheological properties i.e. mixographic and farinographic characteristics. Afterwards, the protein enriched cookies were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, amino acid profile and hedonic response. On the basis of compiled data for these traits, it is concluded that cookies (T 3 ) prepared by 15% supplementation of enzymatically extracted protein isolates (EPI) of Nigella sativa meal performed better and has potential to address the menace of protein energy malnutrition.
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Theoretical Investigations on Enhancement of Nonlinear Optical Properties of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Doped X12Y12 Nanocages Materials with nonlinear optical response find applications in laser physics, optical fibers, optical computing, optical data handling, optical wave guides and gyroscopes, optical limiters, sensors and scanners. A number of strategies have appeared in the literature to design high performance nonlinear optical materials. A few well studied strategies are bond length alternation (BLA), synthesis of octupolar molecules, molecules with diradical character electrides, and alkalides. A relatively less explored strategy is doping of organic and inorganic systems with alkali metals. Doping with alkali metal generates diffuse excess electrons which reduce the transition energies for crucial excitations. The present research aims at exploring the potential of alkali and alkaline earth metal doping on the nonlinear optical response of X12Y12 nanocages. The objective of this study is not only to find the best nano-cage for doping but also to compare alkali metal with alkaline earth metal doping (substitutional and exohedral). Prior to this study, the literature illustrated only exohedral doping of alkali metal on Al12N12 nano-cage. In this study, Al12N12, B12N12, Al12P12 and B12P12 nanocages were studied. The stabilities of exohedral and substitutional doped nanocages are evaluated through adsorption and cohesive energies, respectively. The exohedral complexes of alkali metal are quite stable as reflected from their adsorption energies; however, certain alkaline earth metal doped systems have negligible adsorption energies. Cohesive energies of substitutional doped nanocages were less than the undoped system. Regardless of the doping mode, the HOMO-LUMO gaps are reduced significantly. The H-L gaps are reduced up to 74% of the original value. The maximum change in H-L gap is observed for Ca@PtopAl12P12 where the gap is reduced to 74.4% of the pristine AlP nanocage. The decrease in H-L gap also reduced the energies for crucial excitation which leads to significantly higher hyperpolarizabilities. The hyperpolarizabilities of the doped nanocages generally range from 1.3×102 au to 7.9×105 au which are several orders of magnitude higher than the values for pristine nanocages. Two level model is also applied to rationalize the obtained hyperpolarizabilities of certain doped systems. The trends of xi hyperpolarizabilities from two level method agree with the hyperpolarizability values from DFT calculations. 2nd hyperpolarizability values, which are real measure of practical application of a system are evaluated through βvec, are also remarkably high and in the same order as first hyperpolarizabilities. The participation of diffuse excess electrons in boosting nonlinear optical response of these doped systems is confirmed through analysis of partial densities of states. The results offer new insight into structure property relationship of inorganic fullerenes in designing new high performance nonlinear optical materials.