The purpose of extreme value frequency analysis is to analyze past records of extremes to estimate future occurrence probabilities, nature, intensity and frequency. It is only possible if most suitable probability distribution is employed with proper estimation method. Many probability distributions and parameter estimation methods have been proposed in last couple of decade, but the quest of best fit has always been of concern. In the continuity of this dimension, the fundamental aim of this dissertation is to model the extreme events by proper probability distributions using the most suitable method of estimation. This objective is achieved by reviewing and employing the concept of L- and TL-moments and quadratic rank transmutation map. The L- and TL-moments of some specific distributions are derived, and parameter estimation is approached through the method of L- and TL-moments. In this study three transmuted and two double-bounded transmuted distributions are developed and proposed with their properties and applications. Moreover, the generalized relationships are also established to obtain the properties of the transmuted distributions using their parent distribution. In the first part of the dissertation, it is observed that the Singh Maddala, Dagum, and generalized Power function distribution are suitable candidates for extreme value frequency analysis, as these densities are heavy-tailed in their range. In literature, the theory of L- and TL-moments is considered best and extensively used for such analysis. Therefore, the L- and TL-moments are derived, and the parameters of these densities are estimated by employing the method of L- and TL-moments. These estimation methods are compared with the method of maximum likelihood estimation and method of moments using some real extreme events data sets. Simulation studies have also been carried out for the same purpose. In these studies, superiority of the method of L- and TL-moments has been justified. In the second part of the dissertation, three heavy-tailed, flexible and versatile distributions are introduced using the quadratic rank transmutation map to model the extreme value data. The proposed distributions are the transmuted Singh Maddala, transmuted Dagum and transmuted New distribution. The mathematical properties viiiand reliability behaviors are derived for each of the proposed transmuted distribution. The densities of order statistics, generalized TL-moments, and its special cases are also studied. Parameters are estimated using the method of maximum likelihood estimation. The appropriateness of the transmuted distributions for modeling extreme value data is illustrated using some real data sets. The empirical results indicated that the proposed transmuted distributions perform better as compared to the parent distributions. In literature, continuous double-bounded data is fairly popular. However, it is quite unrealistic to analyze such kind of data using normal theory models. This type of data is also targeted, and two new double-bounded distributions have been introduced, in the third part of the dissertation. These developed distributions termed as transmuted Kumaraswamy and transmuted Power function distribution. The most common mathematical properties are derived, and it has been observed that the hazard rate function have either increasing or bathtub shaped for these distributions. The method of maximum likelihood estimation is employed for the parameter estimation and the construction of the confidence intervals. The application and potential of these distributions are investigated using real data sets. Comparatively, proposed double bounded transmuted distributions performed better than their parent distributions in real applications. Finally, it has already been proved that transmuted distributions are better than their parent distributions. But directly dealing with the transmuted density is complicated and exhaustive especially for order statistics analysis. To make it simple, the relationships between transmuted and parent distributions are established for the single and product moments of order statistics. In addition, the generalized TL- moments of the transmuted distribution and its special cases are derived using single moments of the parent distribution. The established relationships are used for parameter estimation, and a simulation study is also carried out to investigate the behavior of the estimators. Moreover, the transmuted and parent distributions relationships are illustrated through two well-known distributions and two real data sets. Furthermore, it can be claimed on the base of established results; now it is quite convenient to find the moments of order statistics, parameter estimates and especially generalized TL-moments for transmuted distributions.
ڈینگی بخار قابل علاج ہے انسان جب سے منصہ شہود پر جلوہ گر ہوا ہے نشیب و فراز اور افراط و تفریط اس کا مقدر رہے ہیں۔ کہیں مسرتوں اور خوشیوں نے اس کا ساتھ دیا ہے تو کہیں غم و اندوہ کی بھیا نک وادیاں اس کا مسکن رہی ہیں،کبھی اس کے دل و دماغ خوش و خرم ہوتے ہیں اورکبھی افسردگی اور پژمردگی کی تپش اس کے سہانے خوابوں کو ملیا میٹ کر دیتی ہے، ان متنوع حالات سے انسان کو پالا پڑتا رہتا ہے۔ اور پھر حالات بدلتے رہتے ہیں اور مشکلات آسانیوں کا لباس زیب تن کر لیتی ہیں۔ رنج سے خوگر ہوا انساں تو مٹ جاتا ہے رنج مشکلیں اتنی پڑیں مجھ پہ کہ آساں ہو گئیں در دوالم کا ستایا ہوا انسان آج کل پھر ایک بیماری جس کوڈینگی بخار کے نام سے یاد کیا جاتا ہے کی لپیٹ میں ہے۔ یہ بخار 1775 میں افریقہ ،شمالی امریکہ اور ایشیاء میں پراسرار طور پرنمودار ہوا، اس بخار کا سبب مادہ مچھر ہوتی ہے جو کاٹتی ہے تو بخار ہو جاتا ہے۔ اس بخار کے پیراسائیٹس کو پلازموڈیم کہتے ہیں۔ یہ مادہ مچھر طلوع آفتاب اور غروب آفتاب کے وقت عروج و شباب پر ہوتی ہے اور پھر اس کے حملے شدید ہو جاتے ہیں۔ یہ مادہ مچھر ایک اعلیٰ ترین نسل سے منسوب کی جاتی ہے جو گندے پانی وغیرہ کو پسند نہیں کرتی بلکہ خوشنما، سرسبز پھولوں، پھلوں والے پودوں اور درختوں پر ڈیرہ جماتی ہے، اس کی حکومت زیادہ سے زیادہ دو ہفتے ہوتی ہے اور پھر ختم ہوجاتی ہے۔ قرآنِ پاک میں ارشادِ باری تعالیٰ ہے’’ کہ جب میں بیمار ہوتا ہوں تو وہ ( اللہ تعالیٰ) مجھے شفاء دیتا ہے‘‘ (پارہ-19 سورۃ الشعرائ) اسی طرح حدیث پاک میںارشاد رسالت مآب صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ...
In the early days of Islam, either of the married couple entering into Islam does not affect their marriage contract and it continued to be valid even after the Emigration of the Holy Prophet (peace and mercy be upon him) to Madina. In fact, it has been observed until Hudhabiya Truce was signed. It was also included the terms if someone from Quraish without accompanying the wali approaches the Holy Prophet (Peaceand Mercy be upon him), he/she will be returned to Makkah. After this agreement, many women came to Madina and embraced Islam. But their spouses and relatives followed them their way to Madina. They claimed them back to Makkah. In this respect, Allah almighty revealed a verse of Surah Mumtahina, which is an express evidence that such believing women must not be returned to their former infidel husbands. They were commanded so to marry believing husbands after their separation from their disbelieving spouses. Through this verse, Muslim husbands were forbidden to stay and have conjugal relations with their nonbelieving wives, too. Similarly, every believing wife was forbidden to reside with her disbelieving husband. The companions abided by the ruling in its entirety and separated from their non- believing spouses. Jurists have derived many instructions from the verse 10 of Surah Mumtahina, which are discussed in this paper.
Background Kohat district is one of the low to medium intensity malaria transmission areas in Pakistan where asymptomatic carriers are likely to form a reservoir of infection. This study was done to explore the possibility of using microscopy, rapid device testing (RDT), low-cost in house real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and End point fluorometry (EPF) for detection of malaria in the asymptomatic immediate family members of patients of malaria (homestead) and in a sample from the general population of Kohat. Objectives 1. To evaluate the feasibility of screening of malaria by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 18S Small Subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSUrRNA gene) in the diagnosed patients of malaria. 2. To evaluate the usefulness of PCR for SSUrRNA gene of malaria parasite in detection of suspected asymptomatic carriers of malaria. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out at Combined Military Hospital Kohat and Molecular Lab of Riphah International University, Islamabad from Jan - Dec 2015. A total of 1000 individuals including 200 microscopy positive patients of malaria, 400 asymptomatic immediate family members (homestead) of the symptomatic patients of malaria and 400 apparently healthy controls were tested by microscopy, RDT and RT-PCR and RT- PCR followed by EPF. Results In the 200 microscopy positive patients of malaria 190 (95%) were positive by RDT and all were positive by RT-PCR. In the 400 individuals from the homestead of patients of malaria six (1.5%) individuals showed malarial parasite on microscopy, RDT failed to pick any individual with malaria and 32 (8%) were positive for malaria on RT-PCR. On fluorometry all of the RT-PCR positive results were positive and the negative results were negative. The difference in the frequency of malaria in the homestead versus general population was very significant (p = 0.0002) and the relative risk of malaria was 4.0 times higher (95% CI: 1.87 to 8.57). Conclusion The chances of detecting asymptomatic carriers of malaria is significantly higher in the homestead of malaria patients than in the general population and for this purpose low cost RT-PCR with End Point Fluorometry can be very useful in the diagnosis of malaria especially with low parasitemia.