استنباطِ احکام میں ضعیف حدیث کا مقام اور فقہاء کی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Analytical study of the Status of hadith e Da’eef in the interpretation of rulings and the opinions of the jurists

There are two main sources of Islam, one is the Book of Allah and the other is the Sunnah and Sira of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Qur'an is the final collection of 23 years of divine revelation revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whose literal and spiritual preservation was undertaken by Allah Almighty Himself. Therefore, the Qur'an is the only book in the world which has one letter, one action and one line in its original state just as it was revealed to the pure heart of the Holy Prophet (sws) and the Holy Prophet (sws). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told the Sahaabah. That is why the greatest truth of Islam, the book is the living Qur'an. The second major basis of the reality of Islam is the pure Sira and Sunnah of the Prophet of Humanity, the Servant of the Universe. Like the Qur'an al-Hakim, every moment, every day and every angle of the life of the author of the Qur'an is in front of everyone like an open book with all its mysteries. Even in front of one's own and in front of others. A da’if hadith is a hadith which does not fulfil the conditions of the sahih or hassan hadith. Ruling: There is a difference of opinion between the ‘ulema on the ruling on acting upon weak hadiths. The reliable opinion is that weak hadiths can be acted upon for virtuous supererogatory deeds (fada’il al a’mal), for religious exhortation, and stories, and similar things that are not connected to legal rulings and tenants of belief. Keywords: Hadith, Hadith e Da’eef, Derivation of Ahkaam, Jurists, Different opinions.

Genetic Characterization of Quorum Sensing Dependent Bacterial Isolates Associated With Legumes

The present study aimed at characterizing two Acyl Homoserine Lactone (AHLs) producing bacteria isolates nodulating (cultivated and wild) legumes. The isolate from cultivated Pisum sativum was named as Pcc1; while that isolated from the wild species Alysicarpus buleurifolius was called Pcc21. These isolates were selected from a set of twenty potential isolates obtained from the culture collection of Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University. The initial screening of isolates was done for AHLs production using Chromobacterium violaceum (CV026) as indicator strain. These AHLs were further characterized for their diversity through TLC and LC/MS analyses. The TLC assay was done to study the size and range of the AHLs, revealing diverse nature of AHLs produced by the Pcc1 and Pcc21. The small bacteriocin assay revealed that Pcc1 produced AHLs which are a characteristic of CinI system, however, the Pcc21 was found negative. The phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences depicted the isolate Pcc1 as Rhizobium leguminosarum while that of Pcc21 as Sinorhizobium meliloti. Pcc1 being Rhizobium was further studied for the RhiR system which controls nodulation in host plants. Thus the RhiR gene was amplified and sequenced and using bioinformatics tools its protein sequences was generated. The sequence data thus generated and its comparison with the RhiR protein sequences in silico revealed useful information for the isolate (Pcc1) under study such as various domains homolgous to the LuxR transcriptional protein. To characterize it further mutation of RhiR locus was done using Pk19 mob vector, the induced mutation reduced the AHLs production and nodulation efficiency. The Pcc21 presented an interesting case. The 16S rRNA analysis revealed its identity as Sinorhizobium meliloti and it was isolated from root nodules of a wild legume species Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, this has been the first report on the novel symbiotic association between S. meliloti and Alysicarpus bupleurifolius. The study further characterized the AHL diversity produced in symbiosis. The TLC and LC-MS profiles revealed production of a diverse array of AHLs that ranged from short chain C4-HSL to long chain C12- HSL. It was observed that isolates thriving in younger nodules produced AHL abundance and points to the possible presence of more than one synthase system, as previously described in Rm1021 and AK63. The isolation of a strain producing wide ranging AHL molecules provides an opportunity to investigate the complex genetics of AHL production in S. melitoti. It was further revealed that the AHLs produced by Pcc21 were rather diverse. In an analysis the introduction of WspR plasmid in Pcc21 decreased the amount of exopolisaccharides produced in the system, however it did not affect the overall amount of AHLs produced.