تعارف:
اس انجمن کا پورا نام "انجمن اشاعت مطالب مفیدہ پنجاب" ہے یہ انجمن لاہور میں جنوری 1865 میں قائم ہوئی۔ محمدحسین آزاد اور ڈاکٹر لائٹنر نے کوششیں کی۔محمد حسین آزاد نے اپنے کچھ جدید اور اہم نظریات کو عملی صورت دینے کے لئے اس انجمن کو استعمال کیا اور اس سے لوگوں میں ایک فعال ادبی تحریک پیدا کی۔
انجمن پنجاب کے مقاصد:
انجمن پنجاب کے درجہ ذیل مقاصد تھے:
1 :قدیم مشرقی علوم کا احیائ۔
2 : صعنت و تجارت کا فروغ ۔
3: کے لوگوں میں دیسی زبان کے ذریعے علوم مفیدہ کی اشاعت کرنا ۔
4: علمی و ادبی ،معاشرتی اور سیاسی مسائل پر بحث کرنا۔
5:صوبے کے بارسوخ اہل علم طبقات اور افسران حکومت میں رابطہ قائم کرنا۔
6: پنجاب اور ہندوستان کے دوسرے فرقوں کے ساتھ روابط اور تعلقات کی مضبوطی۔
ادبی خدمات
محمد حسین آزاد اس انجمن کے روح رواں تھے اس انجمن سے پہلے مشاعرے کی روایت موجود تھی لیکن وہ روایت طرحی غزلوں کی تھی اس انجمن نے نئی طرح کے مشاعرے شروع کئے یعنی مختلف موضوعات پر نظمیں کہی جاتی تھیں ہر مشاعرے میں ایک موضوع دے دیا جاتا تھا جس پر مختلف شعراء لکھ کر لے آتے تھے اس لحاظ سے اس انجمن نے مشاعروں کی طرز میں ایک نیا رجحان پیدا کیا ان مشاعروں میں نظمیں پڑھی جاتی تھیں اس لیے ان کو مناظموں کا نام دیا گیا۔
موضوعی نظم لکھنے کا رجحان:
موضوعی نظم لکھنے کا اولین تجربہ آزاد نے نہیں کیا بلکہ اس سے پہلے زمانہ قدیم میں اس کی روایت موجود تھی مثلا سلطان محمد قلی قطب شاہ کی کلیات میں نظمیں ہیں اس کے علاوہ دکنی دور میں مثنویاں بھی لکھی گئیں۔جو نظم ہی کا ایک حصہ ہیں اس کے علاوہ نظیر اکبر آبادی نظم روایت میں بہت بڑے شاعر ہیں۔ان...
Those who abused the Prophet r, and accused him of violence, slander and falsely, had never listened to the call of the mind. They should never ignore the one of the most important verses of the holy book revealed from the Creator, Allah Almighty, that Prophet Muhammad r has been sent to the mankind purely for offering mercy. How can they neglect the fact that the Prophet r himself said if he was a leader without mercy, people around him did not accompany him. When we study the life of Prophet r, we observe that all factions of the society, whether they are slaves or independent, Muslims or non- Muslims, men or women, beloved friends or worst enemies; they were behaved not only with extreme justice, but with utmost mercy. So we find that it was a mercy in everything, in education, in advocacy and in legislation, in war and peace, in the family and society, and in all walks of life, etc. In this article, aspect of mercy in the personality of holy Prophet Muhammad r has been discussed in detail. Opinions of the Orientalists are also presented in the article. Aspect of mercy was not only an ingredient of the personality of Prophet r, but He r also made mercy a part of his followers’ personalities. So history witnesses that there was an elongated reign of peace in the world, whenever Muslim Rulers were in power.
Polyurethanes can be tailored with outstanding precision for any specific application. The novelty in performance properties of PUs is mainly associated with careful choice of the polyols/polyamines and chain extenders because about 50% volume of PU is comprised of these reactants. Hence, the PUs for desired application can be developed through selecting different polyols and chain extenders. This research project was aimed to synthesis the chitosan based biocompatible PUs for textile applications using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), DPMA and chitosan as chain extender. This study was portioned into three parts. In Part-I, water dispersible PUs were prepared by using mixtures of chitosan (Mol. Wt. 50,000 g/mole) and BDO as chain extender in different mole ratios. In Part-II, PU dispersions were prepared using nanochitosan as chain extender. NCS of 267 nm average particle size was prepared by ionic gelation method. In Part-III, low molecular weight chitosan (CS(LMW)) was used as chain extender. CS(LMW) was prepared by oxidative depolymerization of chitosan with hydrogen peroxide and molecular weight (Mv=12400) was determined by viscometry. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for molecular characterization of CS-PU dispersions. The physical properties of CS-PUs including dispersion stability and solid contents were determined and correlated with other findings. The dyed and printed poly-cotton blend fabrics were finished with 10% and 20% solutions of all these CS-PU dispersions by pad-dry-cure method followed by the evaluation of physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of finished p/c fabrics by standard test procedures. The scanning electron micrographic imaging of finished fabrics was also carried out for morphological study. The pill resistance, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), Air permeability (AP), crease recovery angle (CRA), tear and tensile strength of the finished blend fabrics were investigated by standard methods and the results revealed that all the chitosan based polyurethane dispersions improved the UPF, CRA, stiffness and tensile strength of the blend fabrics. However, tear strength of the fabrics was decreased. The superior results for CRA, tear and tensile strengths were obtained by applying CS-PUs based on CS(LMW). Finally, antibacterial properties were evaluated by disc diffusion method and no bacterial growth was observed above, below or in close proximity of the fabrics swatches with visible inhibition zones which were improved with the increase in chitosan amount in dispersions.