The aim of this Ph.D project was to develop and fabricate membranes for separation techniques using engineering plastics that could play a key role in membrane based water treatment processes. The prime objective was to investigate the economic and technological solution so that the desalination properties including permeation flux could be improved.The dissolution casting methodology was adopted for engineering plastic membranes via three (03) membrane systems which accounted the explicit application for desalination process.System one (01) used the novel thin film poly (vinyl alcohol)/chitosan (PVA/CS) based reverse osmosis membranes infused with silane crosslinked tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), prepared by dissolution casting methodology. The performance characteristics and the scope of the reverse osmosis membranes were explicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reverse osmosis (RO) permeation tests which determined the functional groups and network of covalent crosslinks, thermal properties, morphology, hydrophilicity, structural investigation and RO properties, respectively. It was found that the membrane surface became smoother, more hydrophilic, with improved thermal stability, increased salt rejection and good permeation flux after the appropriate infusion of TEOS. The crosslinked membranes showed more hydrophilicity compared to the un-crosslinked PVCS membrane. The SEM micrographs of membranes revealed dense structure with no mottled surfaces. PVCS-4 showed an optimal flux of 1.84L/m2h and 80% salt rejection that confirmed the selective interaction of TEOS molecules with PVA/CS polymer backbone compared to the pristine (PVCS) membrane. The antibacterial properties of the membranes showed the inhibition of the growth of Escherichia coli successfully. In the second (02) system, cellulose acetate (CA) based thin film nanocomposite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were fabricated using dissolution casting method by optimizing the CA/polyethylene glycol (CA/PEG-400) ratios for improved RO performance. The selectivity of optimized membrane was further enhanced by incorporating TiO2 (0-25 wt.%) nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted to characterize control and modified membranes for the analysis of functional groups, thermal properties, morphology and structural investigation respectively. CP-2 of CA/PEG-400 (80/20) was selected for further modification with TiO2 nanoparticles. The maximum salt 2 rejection (95.4 %) was observed for the membrane having 15 % TiO2 nanoparticles. Further escalation of TiO2 concentration resulted in the agglomeration of nanoparticles which subsequently decreased the permeation flux. The test results demonstrated that the modified membranes had higher salt rejection and chlorine resistance, lower degradation profile, successful inhibition of Escherichia coli growth and facilitating permeation flux compared to the control membrane.In system (03) the membrane separation technique has been applied for the separation of MgSO4 from sea water. In this work, a series of novel cellulose acetate membranes were prepared via blending with different concentration of HNTs and irradiated grafted with VGCNFs. The morphology and topography of the VGCNF membranes were observed using SEM and AFM respectively, which indicated the improved membrane structure, dispersity and surface roughness in the polymer matrix. The experimental data demonstrated that VGCNF grafted membranes has improved permeation flux 48 L/m2.h and MgSO4 salt rejection 98.6% compared to the control membrane. More importantly the thermal stability by TGA revealed that VGCNF4 showed enhanced stability compared to the control membrane. As a result, this study could provide a great potential for the removal of salts from sea water.
پروفیسر سینتی کمار چٹرجی گزشتہ مئی میں ملک کے مشہور ماہر لسانیات پروفیسر سینتی کمار چٹرجی کی وفات سے ایک عظیم علمی سانحہ ہوا، بنگال میں رابندرناتھ ٹیگور کے بعد ان ہی کی علمی شخصیت اُبھری، انھوں نے رابندرناتھ ٹیگور کے ساتھ رہ کر نہ صرف تربیت پائی، بلکہ ان کی شانتی نکیتن یونیورسٹی کی تاسیس میں ان کا بھی حصہ تھا، بنگال کے اس فلسفی شاعر نے ان کی جوانی ہی میں ان کی قدر کرنی شروع کردی تھی اور اپنی ایک کتاب ان کے نام سے معنون بھی کیا اور ان کو بھاشا اچاریہ کا خطاب دیا، جس کے معنی زبانوں کا پیشوا ہے، اس خطاب کے وہ مستحق تھے، وہ بنگال، سنسکرت، ہندی، پراکرت، فارسی، انگریزی، فرانسیسی، آئرش، گوتھک اور خدا جانے کتنی زبانیں جانتے تھے۔ کلکتہ اور لندن سے ڈگریاں حاصل کرکے یونیورسٹی میں ایک استاد کی حیثیت سے مقرر ہوئے، یہاں رہ کر انھوں نے جو شاندار کارنامے انجام دیئے، ان پر یونیورسٹی ہمیشہ ناز کرتی رہے گی، ہندوستان اور ہندوستان سے باہر کوئی علمی اعزاز ایسا نہ تھا جس سے وہ سرفراز نہیں کئے گئے، رابندر ناتھ ٹیگور کے ساتھ ملایا، سماترا، جاوا، بالی اور تھائی لینڈ گئے، تو وہاں ہندوستانی آرٹ اور کلچر پر ان کے لکچر بہت مقبول ہوئے، جس کے بعد علم و زبان کی تمام بین الاقوامی کانفرنسوں میں مدعو ہونے لگے، اسی سلسلہ میں بلجیم اور کوپن ہیگن کا سفر کیا، یونسکو کے علمی اجتماعات میں شرکت کے لئے کئی بار پیرس بلائے گئے، بیروت میں عربی و فارسی کی علمی و لسانی کانفرنس ہوئی تو وہاں خاص طور پر مدعو ہوئے، کلکتہ یونیورسٹی کی طرف سے اٹلی، برطانیہ، ہالینڈ اور ترکی کے تعلیمی حالات کا مطالعہ کرنے کے لئے بھیجے گئے، پن سلونیا یونیورسٹی کے وزیٹنگ پروفیسر بھی مقرر ہوئے، امریکہ کے قیام میں کولومبیا...
Methodical codification of “Gharib ul Hadith” books started during second century. Abu Ubaida Mua‘mmar bin Muthanna, an Iraqi scholar, pioneered the field. Afterwards numerous scholars have written books on “Gharib ul Hadith” but they followed different methodologies for their compositions. Some of them have written Hadith's disorderly, and then explained all Gharib words appearing in the Hadith. This method appears in most part of their writings. Some of the scholars have observed jurisprudential method for their creations. Others followed methodology of explaining Gharibwords by organizing Hadith's; first from Prophet Muhammad, then from sahabas (companions of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w), and finally from Taba’een (immediate followers). However, some sorted Hadith in alphabetical order. This research article presented a detailed analytical review of different methodologies adopted in famous “Gharib ul Hadith” Books.
This dissertation consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, survey of Christian Muslim literature has been presented and different modern trends have been described in a lucid manner. All the relevant sources related to Jesus came under discussion. The major focus was upon the Holy Qur’an, Ahadith and Christian sources. In the second chapter, different issues of controversy between Christianity and Islam are presented and then those are analytically and critically evaluated in a comparative method. To substantiate Islamic viewpoint, frequent evidences have been presented from the Christianity as well. In the third chapter, classical and modern Christian approaches to the life of Jesus have been discussed and presented in an impartial way. A historical evolution in the thought of leading Christian scholars came under discussion. There viewpoints are portrayed as they wanted to be understood without any prejudice and partiality. Fourth chapter deals with Muslim representation of Jesus Christ. Most of the Muslim scholarship presented Islamic understanding of Christianity in general and Jesus Christ in particular. An analysis of classical and modern trends in Muslim thought was the major focus in this chapter. In the fifth chapter, Christological issues in Christian Muslim literature have been identified. Different references have been quoted for the necessity of Dialogue between Christian and Muslim World.. In this chapter, Dialogue has been defined effectively in the light of Muslim & Western scholarship. We have applied comparative method, in a descriptive and analytic way. A code of conduct has been suggested for the Provisions of Interfaith dialogue in Christian Muslim perspective. An attempt has also been made to clarify its scope, methodology and Principles keeping in view the Discourse of Islam and Christianity.