In recent years, solution processed semiconducting layers based devices, such as Solar Cells (SCs), Field Effect Transistors (FETs) and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have attracted much interest as potential, inexpensive and flexible alternatives to inorganic devices. Despite considerable understanding of device physics, investigation of well-known solution processed semiconductors based devices having simpler configurations and optimal performance is crucial to further developments in this area. This research work mainly focuses on the fabrication and characterization of solution processed semiconducting films based electronic devices having simpler architectures. Firstly, Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) were developed to investigate the effect of polymer intrinsic properties on the performance of the devices. Secondly, Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs) were investigated with a motivation to develop low cost sensors for photo, strain, bend and displacement sensing applications. Lastly, parallel plate capacitor type structures were developed to study the electrical properties of Graphene Oxide (GO), Cobalt & Magnesium doped Lead Zirconate Titanate (PbTi0.5Zr0.3(Co1-xMgx)0.2O3) Ceramics and Methacrylate-based Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers (SCLCP) with an aim to explore their potential for electronic device applications. Polymer-Fullerene BHJ based Solar Cells (OSCs) were fabricated using different batches of poly[2-methoxy,5-(30,70-dimethyl-octyloxy)]-p-phenylene vinylene (MDMO-PPV) in order to investigate the effect of polymer intrinsic properties i.e. molecular weights, polydispersity (PDI) values, charge carrier densities (NA) and band gap energies (Eg) on the performance of the devices. Devices were under dark as well as UV-Vis illuminations. Results showed that polymer intrinsic properties significantly influenced on the structural properties of active layers. Efficiency of the devices was found highest for polymer having higher PDI and NA. It was attributed to the increased photon absorption capability and favorable nano morphology of active layer for MDMO-PPV batch with higher PDI and NA values. Organic Bulk Hetero-Junction (BHJ) based transistors were fabricated in MESFET configuration with top gate and bottom drain source contacts on glass and flexible PET substrates for sensing XI applications. Semiconducting layers of the devices were based on P3HT:PCBM blends which were processed using spin coating technique. Gate and drain/source electrodes of the transistors were made using Aluminum and Silver, respectively, using physical vapor deposition technique. Electrical performance of the devices was explained with the help of energy band diagrams. Organic Transistors developed on glass substrates using P3HT:PCBM (1:1 & 1:0.8 wt/wt ratios) and P3HT:MR:PCBM blends (1:0.2:1 wt/wt ratio) were investigated as photo sensors. Results showed that MESFET based photo sensitive devices followed the behavior of typical low voltage phototransistors with weak saturation trend, in particular under illumination. Photo responsivity of the devices was found to increase with illumination intensity and to decrease with negative gate voltage. Further, phototransistors developed using the blend of P3HT:MR:PCBM were found to have higher photo sensitivity values than P3HT:PCBM blends based photo detectors. Organic MESFET based devices developed on glass and flexible substrates with 1:1 wt/wt ratio of P3HT and PCBM blends were also investigated for strain and displacement sensing applications. Increase in displacement and compressive bending results in increase of drain to source current. Further, drain to source resistance was reduced from 15.40 MΩ to 13.15 MΩ when displacement was varied from 0 to 250μm. Electrical and dielectric properties of Graphene Oxide (GO), PbTi0.5Zr0.3(Co1-xMgx)0.2O3 Ceramics and SCLCPs with varying lengths of aliphatic spacer were studied as Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitors using temperature dependent parallel plate impedance spectroscopic technique. Analyses showed that GO film possses Direct Current (DC) and Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) mechanisms of conductivity at low and high frequency ranges, respectively. Analysis of PbTi0.5Zr0.3(Co1-xMgx)0.2O3 Ceramics with varying values of composition exhibited high magnitude of dielectric (ɛr = 4261) over a wide range of temperature at 100 kHz. Dielectric constants of the SCLCP films were found to increase with the decrease of flexible spacer length. Detailed analysis revealed that the conductivity of SCLCP films followed Quantum Mechanical Tunneling (QMT) and CBH conductivity mechanisms at low frequency regime and, Super Linear Power Law (SLPL) and DC conductivity mechanisms at high frequency region. Impedance spectroscopic results suggest that, solution processed films being investigated using impedance spectroscopy can be proposed as model systems for applications in large area flexible arrays and other advanced microelectronic devices.
موضوع5:تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت تنقید: تنقید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔جس کے معنی جانچنا، پرکھنا ، کھرے اور کھوٹے کو الگ کرنا ہیں۔ تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت: تنقید کا سلسلہ تخلیق آدم سے شروع ہوا۔ جب اللہ تعالی نے حضرت آدم ؑکو پید اکیا تو فرشتوں نے اللہ سے گزارش کہ کہ یہ انسان دنیا میں جاکر فساد اور لڑائی جھگڑے کرے گا۔ اس کی تخلیق کی ضرورت کیوں پیش آئی؟عبادت کے لیے تو ہم کافی ہیں۔ اس کی تخلیق پر نظر ثانی کی جائے۔اللہ نے فرشتوں کوغرض تخلیق آدم? سے آگاہ کیا۔سب سے پہلے آدم? پر تنقید کی گئی یعنی تخلیق پر تنقید ہوئی۔اس سے یہ بھی واضع ہوا کہ تنقید کے لیے تخلیق کا ہونا ضروری ہے۔ تنقید تخلیقی ذہن کو جلا بخشتی ہے جس کی وجہ سے صحت مند تخلیق وجود میں آتی ہے۔تنقید تخلیق کے فن کے لیے سازگار ماحول مہیا کرتی ہے۔مثلا ایک شاعر نظم میں بے ہودہ الفاظ استعمال کرتا ہے تونقاد اس کو دھوڈالتا ہے۔اس لیے آئندہ لکھنے والے اس تنقید کو مدنظر رکھیں گے تنقید کا دوسرا کام فن پاروں کی تشریح و توضیع کرنا ہے مثلا نقادکیا کہنا چاہ رہا ہے۔تخلیق کار تخلیق کردیتا ہے اور نقاد کا کام یہ ہے کہ وہ وضاحت کرکے بتاتا ہے کہ کیا صحیح ہے اور کیا غلط ہے۔ایک انگریز مفکر "ڈیوڈ ڈیشن "کہتے ہیں: " نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی قسم کے سوالات اٹھاتا ہے۔تاہم اگر وہ کوئی سوال نہ بھی اٹھائے تووہ فن پارے کے مختلف طریقوں سے شرح کرکے وضاحت کرکے قاری کے حسن فن میں اضافہ کرتا ہے۔نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی سوالات اٹھا تا ہے۔" تنقید کی ضرورت: • تنقید سے کسی فن پارے کے محاسن و معائب سامنے آئیں گے یعنی خوبیاں اور خامیاں وغیرہ۔ • شاعروں اور ادیبوں کو دوبارہ زندہ کرنے کے...
It is an admitted fact that Islam is “Universal Din” and a complete code of life. Its universality and conciseness is proved from Quran itself. Quran identifies the universality and surmounts it upon all over other Ady┐n and says, “And He sends his messenger along with righteousness and fait Din-e- ╓aq, so that surpass it upon other Dins, though it will be unpleasant for the polytheists”. The Holy verses shows and argues that Dine- Islam is a superior to all other Dins, it may be through love, arguments, conclusiveness or through state and governed on its completion Quran says, “Today I completed your “Din” for you along with all the blessings and liked Islam as a Din for you”. In a nutshell, the above two mentioned the Holy verses indicate clearly the universality and comprehensiveness, because the “Din” which will be superior and must be universal and precise. Islam is the only religion which is beneficial for all mankind in each and every aspect. Its universality is declared that it is a surety for mankind prosperity. Allah says in His Holy Book, “The Holy Quran” that do justice as it is more nearer to piousness. Allah has described “Justice twenty six times His Holy Book and it is also among one of His qualities. All these show the importance of justice.
Pakistan and Russia acted hostile damaging interests of each other during the Cold War and relations suffered from
trust deficit afterwards. Interests of Pakistan and Russia start converging after 9/11, when both remained on the
same page with regards to the international campaign against Al-Qaeda as they not only expressed strong
commitment to root out the terrorism in the region but also provided full support to the U.S. led forces in
Afghanistan. Since then both have entered into institutional relationship, formed several bilateral and became part
of regional forums to discuss global, regional and bilateral issues. In the backdrop of emerging regional political
environment because of U.S./NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan, Indian tilt towards the U.S. and West, Ukrainian
crisis, bilateral and global convergence, Pakistan and Russia got the opportunity to translate high level engagements
into tangible outcome in bilateral relations. Pakistan has supported Russian's observer status in the Organization of
Islamic Conference (OIC) reciprocating the fact that Russia supported first observer status of Pakistan at the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization and later full membership. Pakistan's accession into important regional
organization SCO as full member deemed as step forward in Pakistan's relations with Russia.
Since the rapprochement between Pakistan and Russia started a decade ago, both countries witnessed a "milestone"
defense cooperation pact when a Russia Defense Minister paid an official visit to Pakistan in 45 years; important
developments in Pak-Russia Intergovernmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific and Technical
Cooperation and Joint Working Group on Energy at Moscow in 2014 took place. Both countries have expressed their
readiness to collaborate in the fields of defense, trade, economy, science, technology, agriculture, education and
culture to gain new impetus due to continuous high level interaction between the two countries. However, despite
the political convergence, institutional and structured ties between the two countries along with some factors will
continuously impede fast track implementation of agreed proposals.