Modern technological systems consist of many components with strong interactions between them. Faults may cause an unacceptable loss of the system functionality, instability, or fatality. Systems capable of automatically detecting, diagnosing faults, and maintaining the overall functionality are desirable. Fault diagnosis (FDD) is a process that detects, locates, andnds nature of fault. Fault tolerant control (FTC) system has the ability to tolerate faults. Among dynamical systems, switched systems (SS) have numerous applications in control of robotics, automotive industry, aircraft and air tra c control, industrial electronics (power converters) etc. A typical SS is composed of a family of subsystems and a rule that governs the switching among them. Ideally, the FDD/FTC systems are designed on the basis of assumption that it is switching synchronously with corresponding subsystems of SS; that is; FDD/FTC system switches exactly at the time of switching in the switched system to be monitored. However, in practice, the switching in FDD/FTC system lags the switching of the switched system to be monitored. This creates a particular interest in the design of FDD/FTC systems especially when there is event-based switching. In this dissertation, the term\asynchronous" is used to illustrate this situation. This thesis studies the design of FDD and FTC systems of SS under asynchronous switching scenario, in the presence of disturbances and noise (unknown inputs). In therst part, a framework for fault detection and isolation (FDI) is proposed. The residual (symptom signal) is so generated that it is sensitive to faults and robust against disturbances. A multi-objective problem is formulated based on H?=H1ltering. Using the average dwell time approach and the piecewise Lyapunov function technique, su cient conditions are suggested in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to guarantee the stability and desired performance. In addition, the proposed framework has also been extended to design FDI strategy for uncertain SSs. A norm-bounded uncertainty is considered. To improve the FDD capability adaptive threshold scheme is developed. xiii In the second part, fault estimation (FE) and FTC schemes are proposed. The proposed framework is based on unknown input observer (UIO) and H1 optimization. On the basis of FE, recon guring control law approach is utilized to tolerate faults. To this end, an integrated approach for FE/FTC is proposed for SSs. The last part of this dissertation addresses another very important problem of highly practical interest; that is, the design of fault detection (FD) scheme for switched system with state delays, under asynchronous switching. The tools from robust control theory, Lyapunov stability theory, and linear matrix inequality are used to propose the schemes. To demonstrate the e ectiveness of the proposed schemes, the algorithms have been tested on the dynamics of highly maneuverable aircraft technology (HiMAT) and battery converter unit (BCU) of hybrid electric vehicle.
مولانا عبدالسلام فاروقی افسوس ہے کہ پچھلے دنوں مولانا عبدالسلام صاحب فاروقی کا۶۷،۶۸برس کی عمر میں لکھنؤ میں انتقال ہوگیا۔مرحوم بلندپایہ عالم اورخوش بیان مقرر ہونے کے علاوہ بڑے صالح اور متقی بھی تھے۔فقہ ان کاخاص فن تھا اوراستعداد بڑی پختہ تھی۔ اپنے معمولات کے بڑے پابند اورجو بھی ان کے افکاروخیالات تھے ان میں سخت جامد اورکٹر تھے۔تواضع،فروتنی،سادگی اور بے لوثی ان کے اوصاف خصوصی تھے، ان اوصاف وکمالات کے باعث لکھنؤ کے ہرفرقہ اورہرطبقہ میں بڑی عزت اوراحترام کی نظرسے دیکھے جاتے تھے۔ چنانچہ ان کے جنازہ کے نہایت عظیم جلوس میں مسلمانوں کے ہرطبقہ اورہرگروہ کے لوگوں کے علاوہ ان کی تعزیت کرنے والوں میں غیر مسلم حضرات کی بھی معتدبہ تعداد شامل تھی۔ عمل اور اخلاق کے اعتبار سے سلف صالحین کانمونہ تھے۔میں جس سال (غالباً۱۹۲۱ء) مدرسۂ امدادیہ مرادآباد میں داخل ہوا ہوں، اسی سال مرحوم بھی اپنے بڑے بھائی مولوی عبدالغفور مرحوم کے ساتھ مدرسہ میں داخل ہوئے تھے اورمولانا سید مرتضیٰ حسن صاحب چاندپوری کی نگرانی میں رہتے تھے۔ دونوں بھائی نہایت کم آمیز، شرمیلے اورکم گوتھے اورطلباء سے بہت کم ملتے جلتے تھے۔ ایک عرصہ دراز کے بعد علی گڑھ میں ملاقات ہوئی اورمیں نے ان کویہ زمانہ یاد دلایا توانھیں یادآگیا۔ اس کے بعد ابھی ایک برس پہلے جب یہاں دلّی میں ملاقات ہوئی تو بڑی محبت اور تعلق خاطر کے ساتھ پیش آئے۔اب ایسے باوضع،پاک باطن اورپاک نظر لوگ کہاں ملیں گے؟اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے درجات ومراتب بلند فرمائے۔ آمین [ستمبر۱۹۷۳ء]
The Orientalists are well aware of this fact that when the West became the custodian of the world affairs due to their scientific and academic development, they occupied almost all the Asia and Africa. During their occupation of these regions, while on the one hand they added many more things to the culture, civilization and academics and on the other hand, they tried to influence the faith and beliefs of the people. In this regard their scholars and think tanks struggled hard. This phenomenon continued for hundreds of years. In this malign compaign, the Orientalists focused their full attention on Islam, Islamic history, Civilization, Islamic Law, Quran and Sunnah and especially the life of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W) . In this article some objections of Orientalists are anazlyzed and responded academically.
To learn to think more clearly, to speak and to write more effectively, and to listen and to read with greater understanding, these are the goals of the study of language. This dissertation tries to approach these traditional goals by a modern yet an ancient method of teaching language i.e. storytelling. Storytelling is the study of human interaction. During this study I have discussed problems faced by Urdu teachers and their ways of dealing with them. It is often difficult to relate the interest and findings of researchers to their practical needs of the teachers, but it is still essential to take an initiative to introduce and implement innovations. This is the task that I tried to perform but after analyzing the problems I found that it can not be done without a set of board principle. I have tried and struggled to explore an alternative approach of language teaching. I hope this study will guide the Urdu teachers in their future endeavors.