Disruptions in manufacturing processes can cause severe impacts on process efficiency and down time that adversely affect production costs. These anomalies/disruptions, in any automated process, have negative impacts on consumer centric values, high rejection of raw materials and overall cost. Mostly the effects of disruptions are propagated and cascaded in the whole assembly line by blockage and starvation caused by disruptive workstation. The accurate analysis of the aftermath of each disruption is the key to proper allocation of resources and downtime mitigation. Process down time can be reduced by monitoring manufacturing processes for faults, categorizing those faults and prioritizing actions. Disruption handling has been the aim of many researchers of the past decade. Many of these techniques have been fruitful in many aspects, nevertheless these techniques are based on a static mathematical models and pre-defined manner. This practice does not consider the process dynamically based on process status and sometimes becomes the source of false alarms, batch rejection, increase in the overall cost decrease in process efficiency. The issues relating disruptions and their solutions has been the primary aim of the presented work. Four subsequent models have been developed pertaining to disruptions. The first model in this scenario is Agent Based Fault Tolerant Framework. This model dynamically evaluates disruptions based on the process weightage. Human immune system presents an astounding grounds and example for developing Artificial Immune system, wherein the disruptions caused by viruses and bacteria is addressed by deploying B and T cells, which either destroys the pathogen (virus or bacteria) by killing it (Phagocytosis) or renders it harmless. Inspired from that, a second model analogous to Human Immune System is developed for industrial applications, to deal with disruptions. Flexibility in the Alarm Trip Point (ATP) is yet another fascinating technique that introduces flexibility in the defined ATP based on the statuses of adjacent workstations. The implementation of this model shows promising results. Finally, an augmented model has been developed which combines first and second model to overcome some of the limitations of previous models and is implemented on a test rig. This model presented outstanding results in comparison to the established approaches.
حافظ محمد عرفان افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ رمضان المبارک کو علامہ شبلیؒ کے حقیقی نواسے حافظ محمد عرفان صاحب وفات پاگئے، ان کا وطن بندول تھا مگر قیام اعظم گڑھ میں تھا، وہ دارالمصنفین برابر آتے اور جمعہ کی نماز بھی یہیں پڑھتے، انہیں قرآن مجید بہت اچھا یاد تھا اور ہر سال تراویح میں اسے سناتے، اس سال بھی ضعف و علالت کے باوجود روزے چھوڑنے کے لیے کسی طرح آمادہ نہ تھے، رمضان کے مقدس مہینہ میں وفات ان کے حسن خاتمہ کا ثبوت ہے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ پس ماندگان کو صبر و قرار عطا کرے۔ آمین! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مارچ ۱۹۹۴ء)
Security is most important need of every state and community. Surveillance and keeping eye on the enemy are the core responsibilities of every state. All the absolute qualities of a leader can be found in The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Therefore, the first nucleus of security education was in Makkah and expanded with the expansion of the Da’wah till the declaration of Madina as a Islamic state. There are various studies on the subject of surveillance, but they did not cover all aspects of Sīrah in Makkī era regarding the various steps and methods of surveillance. This article investigates how the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) maintained the security measures during Makkī era to ensure the security of all his companions and followers. In the First section of this article definition and history of intelligence was discussed, followed by the various techniques of surveillance used in different occasions by the Prophet (P.B.U.H). The last section of the article focused on the techniques used in Makkī era. The article further elaborates the practical steps taken by Prophet (P.B.U.H) to secure his companions and their families from the opponents to the extent possible, like migration to Habash and finally to Madina which concluded in establishment of a free state for Muslims.
Teacher Performance Appraisal has been considered an assessment tool among majority of teachers in Pakistan (Ali, 1998; Jaffer, 2007; Khalid, 2007). This study aimed to identify the required changes that could make appraisal as a tool for Teachers' Professional Development. The study was conducted in Star School (pseudonym), a secondary school in Karachi, Pakistan. The research was qualitative in nature using phenomenological approach. The seven research participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected during an eight week-period through semi-structured interviews, focused group discussion and document analysis. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed, documents such as policy and procedures were also analysed. The findings reveal that appraisal supports towards the knowledge and skill enhancement of the teachers if the appraisal scheme and tools are understood by the teachers. The two purposes of appraisal; summative and formative may not be easy to disconnect in Star School (a secondary school) but the focus of appraisal can be shifted from accountability to developmental appraisal through incorporating self-evaluation of teachers as part of existing appraisal scheme in order to develop teacher-ownership into the appraisal process. This sense of ownership offers an effective basis for stimulating change and development. However, this process also necessitated initiatives for developing expertise in appraisers and a practice-shift to connect appraisal practices with teacher professional growth. This study also recommends inclusion of self-appraisal for teachers in existing appraisal process. This study holds significance for various audiences directly or indirectly in the organisation I work for. The study could help in strengthening the appraisal scheme and it could also enable Head teachers in further in improving appraisal scheme. For the other researchers at AKU-IED, this study could give a kick-start on exploration of TPA as a professional development tool for teachers in Pakistan.