Femto-second laser irradiation on a material can initiate intensity dependent nonlinear optical phenomena. This work focuses on multiphoton absorption, more specifically, two photon absorption (TPA) analyses. Open aperture Z-scan (OA-ZS) technique has been employed to measure TPA coefficients and TPA cross sections (TPCS). An ultrashort 800 nm Ti:Sapphire laser (FEMTOPOWER Compact PRO) with an average power of 800 mW and repetition rate of 1 kHz has been used in ZS setup. A femtosecond (10-15 s) laser pulse attains very high intensity in ultrashort time. In this work, pulse intensity ~ 1011 W/cm2 has been used. In OA-ZS, a thin sample is scanned along the laser propagation direction, within the focal spot, to measure intensity dependent changes in optical absorption. Experimental TPA data is extracted from the transmitted and reference laser beams. We have developed a C sharp (C#) based software which can extract TPA coefficients via theoretical fitting of experimentally obtained data. Linear absorption coefficients were measured via UV-vis spectroscopy which have been utilized in TPA calculations. TPA is known to be a highly sensitive process. Two photon cross sections (TPCS) of Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G solutions in MeOH have been measured. Understanding the factors affecting TPA is essential to assess the potential applications especially in the field of medicine such as, TPA induced photodynamic therapy and 3D photo-imaging. An in depth analysis has been carried out to assess the influence of medium as well as laser parameters on TPCS and relative TPA trends. The explored laser parameters are laser energy and pulse width. The varying medium parameters are dye solution concentrations and sample length (cuvette size). True value of TPCS is found to be independent of change in laser energy and pulse width (laser intensity). However, relative TPA is enhanced by increasing pulse energy due to increased transition probability. Shorter pulse width resulted in reduced TPA due to saturation effects. Increase in solution concentration has decreased TPCS due to agglomeration effects. An increase in TPCS with increased sample length is observed owing to an overall increase in TPA absorbers. Assessment of TPA sensitivity on laser beam and dye parameters allows better control for desired applications. Three glasses, namely, GIL49, BK7 and Glass B were irradiated by 1700 keV Au+ ion beams. Samples were post annealed at 600oC for 6 hrs. Penetration depth and distribution of Au+ ions having 1700 keV energy within glass substrates was estimated by TRIM simulations. Detailed calculations with full damage cascades were performed for each sample, taking into account the chemical composition of glass substrates. TRIM results reveal that there is no significant change in ion range, straggling and ion distribution with the change in the substrate composition. Linear absorption has been analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Z scan results showed a difference in TPA coefficients for all three glasses. Highest TPA coefficient has been found in case of BK7. TRIM simulations for all three samples has given same value for total target damage. Therefore, the difference in TPA coefficient can be attributed solely to annealing induced crosslinking and reformation of glass matrix. Which leads to agglomeration of metallic particles within the glass matrix. Highest agglomeration is suspected in BK7 as its glass transition temperature is lower than annealing temperature. This is also supported by our linear absorption analyses, where, maximum absorption wavelength shifted towards longer wavelengths for BK7. Linear absorption and TPA in Cu ion embedded GIL49 has been analyzed. Metal ion embedded GIL 49 via ion exchange method has a lower value of TPA coefficient and linear absorption coefficient as compared to that in case of ion irradiation method. This can be attributed to lesser number of embedded ions and lesser ions penetration via ion exchange method. TPA in materials used in this research work has significant applicability. Rhodamine dyes can be used in synthesis of novel TPA materials for various applications. These novel materials include biomaterials such as, DNA doped Rhodamine B/Poly Vinyl Alcohol thin films. This allows tailoring of TPA properties in biomaterials for their potential applications in photonics device manufacturing. Rhodamine dyes can be incorporated in microstructures formed by TPA induced 3D polymerization. These microstructures have dyes molecules at specific sites and have broad fluorescent spectrum which can be tuned by choosing excitation positions and different excitation wavelengths. These engineered structures can be used in micro-devices. TPA in near infrared range allows deep penetration, minimal damages and high spatial resolution. TPA in metal embedded glasses can be used in optoelectronic device fabrication such as, optical limiters, optical sensors and all-optical switches.
مولانا شاہ عبدلحلیم جون پوری گزشتہ دنوں ضلع جون پور اور اس کے نوح کے مشہور شیخ طریقت اور ممتاز عالم ربانی مولانا شاہ عبدلحلیم صاحب جونپوری رحلت فرماگئے۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ مولانائے مرحوم ۱۹۰۷ء میں ضلع فیض آباد کے ایک گاؤں دیوریا میں پیدا ہوئے ابتدائی تعلیم مدرسہ عین العلوم ٹانڈہ میں ہوئی۔ مظاہرالعلوم سہارنپور سے سند فراغت حاصل کی۔ ابتداً مظاہرالعلوم ہی میں مدرس مقرر ہوئے مگر طبیعت کی خرابی کی بنا پر جلد ہی اپنے وطن واپس آگئے، یہاں مسلمان بچوں کی ابتدائی تعلیم کے لیے ایک مکتب قائم کیا پھر ترک سکونت کرکے ضلع جونپور کے قدیم مردم خیز قصبہ مانی کلاں میں مستقل بود وباش اختیار کی۔ اور یہیں کے قدیم مدرسہ میں درس و تدریس پر مامور ہوگئے۔ ۱۹۷۳ء میں مانی کلاں کو خیرباد کہہ کر اس کے قریب ہی لب سڑک واقع موضع گورینی میں ایک مدرسہ ریاض العلوم کی بنیاد رکھی، جس نے مولانائے مرحوم کی سرپرستی و نگرانی میں بڑی ترقی کی۔ مولانا کی طبیعت کا رجحان ہمیشہ رشد و اصلاح کی طرف رہا، اس نواح میں ان کی ذات سے لوگوں کو بڑا فیض پہنچا، وہ شاہ وصی اﷲ فتح پوریؒ اور شیخ الحدیث مولانا محمد زکریاؒ کے مسترشد اور خلیفہ تھے، جونپور اور اعظم گڑھ کے علاوہ بمبئی اور گجرات وغیرہ میں بھی ان کے مریدین کا بڑا حلقہ تھا، ان کی سرپرستی میں مدرسہ کے احاطہ میں کئی تبلیغی اجتماعات بھی منعقد ہوئے۔ مولانا عبدلحلیم بڑے متواضع، ملنسار اور مقدس بزرگ تھے، ایک مدت سے مختلف عوارض کا شکار تھے، راقم الحروف کو عرصہ سے ان سے نیاز مندی کا شرف حاصل تھا۔ متعدد بار ان کی مزاج پرسی اور عیادت کے لیے حاضر ہوا، مگر کبھی ان کی زبان سے کسی طرح کا شکوہ و شکایت نہیں سننے میں آئی۔ ہر حال میں...
Ethical Vices in Divine Books (Quran & Bible): A Comparative Study Morality implies values that distinguish between good and bad behavior. Divine religions have private behavioral value frameworks that are intended to guide followers in determining between right and wrong. Moral values are important in life because: If a person has never learned about moral values then how can he/she decide between the good and the bad. Moral values reflect an individual's character and spirituality. They help in building good relationships in personal as well as professional lives. In this article comparative study of ethical vices’ in light of divine books has been conducted. While doing so the behaviors like Pretention, Miserly, scrooge, Exuberance, Slandering, to lie, Faults/ Curiosity, make fun etc. Are being discussed and analyzed in order to highlight the moral teachings of the divine books. Texts from Torah, Psalm, Gospels and Quran on these vices are studied and analyzed. Study shows that divine books other than Quran have discussed immoral or wicked behavior briefly and just point out the vices but Quran and Sunnah discussed in detail about wicked behavior and also educate about the strategies that can steer you away from temptations and vices. Thus, the Qur’ᾱnic laws and injunctions make our life good and purposeful in this world and hereafter.
Strategic stability remains a contested concept and has been described by various scholars differently, based on their understanding and reading of particular strategic environment. Most explanations, however, stem from the ―Cold War‖ experience but contain instructive lessons for a region like ―South Asia‖ that has some similarities as well as significant differences. Introduction of nuclear weapons in 1998 that was followed by two successive military crises between the two nuclear armed neighbors in 1999 and 2001-02, further reinforced commonly held precepts that nuclear weapons help deter war between two nuclear armed states. Some, however, disagree with this conclusion, citing the increased number of crises in the post-1998 period that continues to threaten strategic stability in the region. This study therefore aims to discuss the concept of strategic stability from a Pakistani perspective in the post-1998 security environment that continues to be shaped by various external and internal factors besides evolving military capabilities and doctrines in the region. Besides, providing historical narrative and underlying causes of perpetual animosity between the two South Asian neighbors that had led to number of wars in the pre-1998 era, the study aims to highlight Pakistan‘s political, diplomatic, and economic challenges that continue to influence national decision-making process in the country. So far, Pakistan has managed to balance its shortcomings by developing potent conventional and nuclear deterrence to deal with an existential threat emanating from its Eastern neighbor; nevertheless, the growing IndioUS strategic partnership that is aimed to help build India as a regional hegemon could adversely affect strategic stability in the region. Based on these factors this study would aim to offer recommendations that could address Pakistan‘s national security challenges besides providing a path towards long-term and enduring stability in the region.