Present research work was planned to study teratological effects of sodium arsenate in developing Mus musculus (mammalian model). Due to deficiencies in literature regarding orally induced teratogenicity of arsenate in developing mammalian embryos, this study was designed. Additionally, garlic (Allium sativum) extract was used to check its protective potential against sodium arsenate induced teratogenicity. LD50 value calculated in pregnant females was 147.00 µg/g B.W. Exposure groups were divided into acute (single exposure group GD6, double exposure group GD6 & 12, multiple exposure group GD6, 9 &12) and sub-acute (continuous GD 6 to12, dose + antidote group GD6 to12). Each acute and sub-acute exposure groups were further divided into three concentrations of sodium arsenate i.e. 18.25 µg/g B.W., 35.50 µg/g B.W. and 75.00 µg/g B.W, based upon the 12.5%, 25% and 50% of calculated LD50 values. Along with acute and sub-acute groups control and vehicle control groups were also maintained. On GD18, the pregnant females were anesthetized and gravid uteri were dissected out. The fetuses were recovered, weighed, observed and were preserved for further studies. A trend of decrease in maternal body weight with increase in concentration and exposure of sodium arsenate was seen together with increased number of still fetuses as compared to control and vehicle control groups. Fetal body weight, CR length, head and eye circumference, limb size and tail length showed a gradual decrease when compared with respective control and vehicle control groups. A dose dependent increase in morphological abnormalities like microcephaly, exencephaly, microphthalmia, anophthalmia, omphalocoel, kyphosis, scoliosis, open eye, runt fetuses and kinky tail were mainly observed during the studies.Histologically, ii defects such as spina bifida, meningomyelocoel, hydrocephaly and enlarged ventricles were noticed. Besides this ventricular septal defects, lungs hypoplasia and ectopia cardis were found in increasing order from acute to sub-acute exposure groups. The 50% fetuses from dose groups 75.00 mg/kg B.W. and 40% from dose group 37.50 mg/kg B.W. displayed decreased ossification as compared with control and vehicle control groups. Fetuses recovered from a group which was given garlic extract along with sodium arsenate exhibited normal development of fetuses except few dead embryos. In this group, fetal body weight, head and eye circumference, limb size and tail length were recorded as normal as controls and vehicle controls. Histologically, dose group 75.00 mg/kg B.W. of sodium arsenate in conjunction with 125 mg/kg B.W. Garlic extract exhibited enlarged ventricles of brain, however, 18.25 and 37.50 mg/kg B.W. + 125 mg/kg B.W. of garlic was observed near to controls and vehicle controls. Based upon the current results, we deduced that sodium arsenate had the potential to induce teratogenic effects in mammals and garlic extract might be a helpful tool against sodium arsenate induced fetotoxicity. There must be some stringent parameters followed by the industries for disposal of arsenate, so that arsenate concentration in drinking water could be managed to avoid exposure to expectant mammals especially the humans.
فصل پنجم: آیاتِ استفہام میں فہمِ عقیدہ آخرت (تفسیر تدبرِ قرآن کی روشنی میں تخصیصی مطالعہ)
حیات بعد الممات کا سوال ایک فلسفیانہ سوال نہیں ہے بلکہ اس کا ہمارے عملی زندگی سے بہت گہرا تعلق ہے اگر انسان کو جوابدہ کا احساس نہ ہو تو وہ اپنے اعمال پر کبھی بھی محاسبہ کرنا پسند نہیں کرے گا اس کے اخلاقی تصورات ہی بدل جائیں گے اس کا پورا اخلاقی نظام خود غرضی، بے حسی اور نفسانیت کی بنیاد پر تعمیر ہوگا اس کے برعکس اگر اعمال کی جوابدہی کا تصور ہوگا تو وہ اچھے یا برے انجام کے باعث نتیجے پر غور کرے گا۔جو لوگ قیامت کا انکار کرتے ہیں انکے بارے میں قرآن میں بیان کیا جا رہا ہے:
"اور انہوں نے کہا کہ جب ہم زمین میں گم ہو جائیں گے تو کیا ہم پھر نئے سرے سے پیدا ہونگے؟"
اس آیت میں منکرین قیامت کی روش بیان کی جا رہی ہے کہ وہ لوگ بطور تعجب کے کہتے ہیں کہ ہم مر جائیں گے ہڈیاں بوسیدہ ہو جائیں گی ہمارا وجود مٹی میں مل جائے گا تو دوبارہ کیسے پیدا ہو سکتے ہیں ؟ جبکہ یہ بات واضح ہے کہ جو خالق انکو بغیر کسی ماڈل کے پہلی بار تخلیق کرنے پر قادر ہے تو دوبارہ پیدا کیوں نہیں کر سکتا بلکہ اس کے لئے تو دوبارہ پیدا کرنا بہت ہی آسان بات ہے ۔
"اسلام نے وضاحت فرما دی ہے کہ کارخانہ ہستی کا حدوداربعہ صرف وہی عالم رنگ و بو نہیں ہے جو تمہارے چاروں طرف پھیلا ہوا ہے میدانوں ، کھلیانوں، دریاؤں ، پہاڑوں ،آبشاروں، بادلوں ، آسمان...
History of Tibari is the well-known book of late ‘allama ibne jar┘r ║ibar┘. Its real name is Tar┘kh- ul ’ummam wal Mul┴k. History of ║ibar┘ is considered the comprehensive and encyclopedia for the first three decades and the backbone in the history of Islam. He is considered a great and lofty character especially in the history of Islam, although all the historians of the present as well as of the past take guidance from his book. Inspite of the facts there are also baseless and false quotations written about Su╒┐ba’ kir┐m, explanation of which is not reasonable. As there are present some false, man-made and illogical sayings in Tar┘kh ║ibar┘. Therefore, an explanatory summary is presented of the narrators so that it may be clyster clear that ‘Allama ║ibar┘ is trusty and worthy but his works are the combination of both facts and false.
Several studies occurs on anti-hyperlipidemic drug Atorvastatin and its pleotropic effects. However its relationship with Psoriasis and association of cardiovascular risk in comparison of standard therapy with large sample size has not been studied in Pakistan. Topical Betamethasone is the first line treatment in the management of all grades of Psoriasis as a monotherapy and in combination therapy. Beyond lipid lowering mechanism Atorvastatin have pleiotropic effect through direct inhibition of small GTPase protein (Rho, Rac, Ras and Rab). These protein control multiple signaling pathways involve in pathogenesis of immuno-inflammatory diseases like Psoriasis. Statin modulates the altered expression of these prenylated proteins. Psoriasis is important disease for researcher because it serves as a model disease to study the basic principle of immune mediated inflammation that is the reason by which in clinical trial it acts as a model for new research studies. Psoriasis is associated with other co-morbidities, the most important is cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE: Present study demonstrates that Atorvastatin has dual action on severity of psoriasis and cardiovascular risk (CVR). METHODS: This was an interventional study conducted in Pharmacology Department of BMSI, JPMC with the collaboration of Pathology Department, BMSI, JPMC and Dermatology Department of JPMC. This research project consist of two phases one was the preclinical conducted on ninety adult Wistar Albino rats divided into three groups, Group A (Control), Group B (Doxorubicin induced toxicity) and Group C (Atorvastatin pretreated). Other was the clinical study on mild to moderate xxvi plaque type psoriatic patients. 225 psoriatic patients enrolled in this study those who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were, both male and female age ranging from 25-65 years, PASI score <12, hs C-RP ≥ 3. These patients further divided into three groups. Group A prescribed tab. Atorvastatin 80mg for first three month followed by 40mg for next three months. Group B prescribed Placebo and topical Betamethasone valerate 0.1% twice daily for 3 months and once a day for the next 3 months (three weeks apply than one week interval and for sensitive area 50% betamethasone in soft paraffin). Group C prescribed tab. Atorvastatin 40mg for the first three months followed by 20 mg for next three months plus topical Betamethasone valerate 0.1% once daily for 6 months (three weeks apply than one week interval and for sensitive area 50% betamethasone in soft paraffin). The efficacy and safety profile of drug assists preclinically by biopsy of rats myocardium and clinically by PASI, hsCRP, DLQI, Lipid Profile, LFTs and CPK.