The present study involves a comprehensive theoretical investigation of the structural, mechanical, electronic, magnetic and optical properties of Zn1- xTMxS/Se/Te (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni), Ti doped ZnS/Se and V doped ZnS compounds with different dopant concentrations (TM = 0.00, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00). The first principle approach has been applied in the frame work of density functional theory (DFT) by using full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP- LAPW) method. The optimized structures have been employed to depict the thermodynamic stability of ferromagnetic state from the calculated values of the enthalpy of formation (ΔH) and the cohesive energy. More recently developed modified Becke and Johnson (mBJ) potential, which calculates the most accurate band gap, has been employed to achieve a realistic set of the calculated properties. The origin and the nature of the ferromagnetism is elucidated from the calculated band structures (BS) and density of states (DOS), by analyzing the calculated exchange constants (N0α and N0β) and the magnetic moments. The negative and large values of N0β depict large splitting of 3d-states of TMs, due to the crystal field, indicating that the ferromagnetism is induced by the strong p-d hybridization. Moreover, it has been observed that Mn and Co doped ZnS/Se/Te compounds are ferromagnetic semiconductors, while Ti, V, Fe and Ni doped ZnS/Se/Te alloys are half-metallic ferromagnetic semiconductors. The estimated Curie temperatures (Tc) have shown that the studied compounds exhibit above room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM), indicating potential spintronic device applications. The potential of the compounds for various optical applications has also been explored. The calculated real part of the static dielectric constant ε1(0) and optical band gap, Eg have depicted an inverse relation, in agreement with the Penn’s model, which confirm the accuracy of the presented calculations. A blue shift in the absorption region has been found for TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni doped ZnS/Se and V doped ZnS, while TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni doped ZnTe and Ti doped ZnS/Se have demonstrated a red shifted absorption. The decreasing trend of band gap and high value of absorption in the visible region, due to the magnetic ions doping, indicate
تعد الزراعة حرفة بشرية تعاونية قديمة بدأت بالأسرة الريفية كوحدة إنتاج استهلاكية تتشابك داخلها وظائف منزلية وزراعية تؤدي فيها المرأة الريفية دوراً كبيراً، والقيام بالصناعات اليدوية والمنتجات المنزلية وربما تأخذ دور رئاسة الأسرة، حيث يقع على عاتقها إدارة العمل الزراعي وتدبير الأمور المنزلية بالوقت نفسه. ومن هذه الأهمية لدور المرأة الريفية اتضحت أهمية البحث في إلقاء الضوء على كيفية تمكين المرأة الريفية العراقية للقيام بدورها بأكمل وجه في تطوير الواقع الزراعي في العراق وتنميته. فكان البحث يسير على المنهج التحليلي والمنهج النظامي لإظهار دور العوامل المساهمة في تمكين (المرأة الريفية) في هذا القطاع، وتوصل البحث إلى استنتاجات متعددة، أهمها أنَّ المرأة العراقية الريفية لم تحظ بدورها الحقيقي في مجال تنمية القطاع الزراعي، وأنَّ عملية تمكينها تحتاج الى تخطيط وتنظيم علمي مدروس وفق أسس التنمية البشرية التي يمكن أن تسهم بها المؤسسات ذات العلاقة بالإنتاج الزراعي وبشكل فعال من خلال توفير ما تحتاجه المرأة الريفية لتطوير عملها الزراعي المعدات والمستلزمات أو من التدريب وتطوير المهارات أو التعاون مع مؤسسات ومنظمات المجتمع مدني لتعليمها وتطوير قدراتها على استعمال (التقنيات الحديثة) في هذا القطاع وتوعية المجتمع لتقبل تطور المرأة والمشاركة مع الرجل في إدارة الإنتاج الزراعي وكانت كمقترحات للبحث في خاتمته أيضاً.
الكلمات المفتاحية: المرأة، الريفية، والتنمية، الزراعية، العراق.
I would like to acknowledge here the efforts of everyone who has been a part of this research process. In the project, various online journals, books, databases and research articles were utilized to produce a well-researched material. I would like thank them all who were behind the creation of such material. I hope they will keep spreading good and will perform well in the future also. It is always a good idea to thank those who were behind your success because it keeps you feel good. We cannot forget the fact that it is always a team work behind whatever we have achieved in our life. So, it is always a good idea to acknowledge the contributions of the people in your life. The thesis has been accomplished with the assistance and kind guidance of worthy instructor who has played an integral part in the compilation of this research. I consider myself fortunate to be under the mentorship of my instructor because it has been a great source of help for me. I have been able to learn a lot under the guidance of my instructor. I will remember this experience as a huge learning recollection for me. I also acknowledge the prayers of my family and dear friends who were there for me at the time I need their constant support. So, I thank all of those who have been a great help during my research and hope that they will keep supporting me till the end.