The propagation characteristics of nonlinear coherent structures involving the solitons, shocks and rogons (rogue waves) are studied in a degenerate dense plasma, which has strong relevance not only to compact astrophysical bodies such as white dwarfs, magnetars, neu tron stars, etc., but also in high density laser-induced plasmas. In superdense plasmas, the quantum corrections due to quantum degeneracy, quantum diffraction, relativistic degener acy and degenerate particle trapping strongly modify the nonlinear properties of the waves and instabilities. In Chapter 3, a multi-dimensional propagation and stability for ion-acoustic (IA) soli tary waves are discussed in a magnetoplasma, containing degenerate relativistic trapped electrons and classical anisotropic ions. By using the Chew Goldberger and Low (CGL) the ory alongwith quantum magnetohydrodynamic (QMHD) equations, a Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation is obtained, which admits a solitary solution in the form of potential pulse. The stability parameter Si is analyzed by a k-expansion method, which reveals the stable and unstable solitons in the domains Si < 0 and Si > 0, respectively. Numerically, it is found that trapped electrons and ionic pressure anisotropy support the formation of taller and wider solitons in a degenerate relativistic anisotropic plasma. Chapter 4 presents the linear and nonlinear analyses of magnetosonic (MS) solitary and shock waves in a degen erate relativistic magnetoplasma. For this, we have solved the QMHD equations with the aid of reductive perturbation technique to study a Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) solitons and Korteweg-de Vries-Burger (KdVB) shocks. For linear study, a plane wave solution is used to obtain a linear dispersion relation for MS waves. It is revealed that relativistic electrons reduce the rapid variations in the wave frequency due to intensification of external mag netic field. In nonlinear analysis, the relativistic electrons strongly favor to excite taller and narrower localized solitons and amplify the shock strength. In Chapter 5, one-fluid QMHD model is utilized to investigate the characteristics of low frequency MS envelope solitons in a dense magnetized plasma. By using a multiscale reductive perturbation technique, the nonlinear Schro¨dinger (NLS) equation is derived to account for degenerate relativistic electrons and associated quantum diffraction effects. It is examined that these effects play a vital role to excite modulationally stable excitations, such as the dark and grey solitons in dense magnetoplasma. These solitons only exist under the condition PQ > 0, where P and Q are the dispersion and nonlinearity coefficients, respectively. These results are useful for analyzing the propagation characteristics of MS excitations in dense astrophysical plasmas, where quantum and relativistic effects modify the wave properties and stability. Chapter 6 describes the evolution of weakly nonlinear dust-ion-acoustic (DIA) bright solitons and rogons in a degenerate dusty plasma containing degenerate relativistic electrons, and dynamical degenerate ions with static dust. To examine numerically the modulational instability (MI) and unstable modes on ion-timescales, the effects of relativistic electrons and degenerate ions are examined on the profiles of MI and localized DIA excitations (bright solitons and rogons). It is found that the instability domain becomes widen for varying the relativistic parameter and ionic degeneracy. Finally, in Chapter 7, we have extended our work to nonlinear evolution of extremely low frequency dust-acoustic (DA) solitons and rogons in a nonplanar cylindrical plasma accounting for Thomas-Fermi distributed electrons and ions. The fluid equations are evolved into the cylindrical Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (CKP) and cylindrical nonlinear Schro¨dinger (CNLS) equations for studying the formation of solitary and rogue excitations. It is found that cylindrical plasma leads to radial deviation of solitons and modification of the growth rate associated with modulationally unstable wavepackets. The results are important to understand the nonlinear DIA and DA potential excitations in dense dusty plasmas where dust particulates modify the characteristics scales and affect the properties of stable and unstable wave modes.
’’گیت ہندی زبان دالفظ اے جیدے معنی نیں راگ، سنگیت، بھجن ، سرور وغیرہ۔‘‘(۱)
ایس لئی گیت تے سنگیت دا آپو وچ گوہڑا سمندھ اے جتھے گیت اے اوتھے سنگیت اے تے جتھے سنگیت ہووے گا اوتھے گیت وی ہووے گا۔ گیت دراصل من دیاں ڈوھنگایاں چ جنم لین والے جذبیاں تے احساساں دے آپ مہارے پر گھٹاوے داناں اے ۔ جیہدے وچ سادگی، سلاست تے روانی مکمل درجے تک موجود ہوندی اے۔ ایسے پاروں آکھیا جاندا اے کہ گیت کوتا دا اک اجہیا روپ اے جو دلاں دیاں اتھا ڈوھنگایاں وچ پیدا ہوندی اے، تے دلاں دیاں اتھاہ ڈوھنگایاں تیک اثر کردی اے ۔ گیت کیول جذبیاں دے اظہار دا ناں ہی نہیں بلکہ ایہدے سرنانویاں وچ بڑی وسعت تے ون سونتا پائی جاندی اے۔نظم وانگوں گیت نوں وی خاص موضوع تیک محدود نہیں رکھیا گیاسگوں نظم جذبہ تے احساس دیاں نکی توں نکی کیفیتاں گیت دا موضوع بن سکدیاں نیں۔ ایس لئی عشق تے محبت ، کوشش تے محنت ، قومیت ، حریت رزم تے بزم ، کرم تے ظلم ، ہجر تے وصال ، جذبہ تے خیال، حسن تے جمال، عشق بے مثال ،ہراوہ شے جیڑی انسانی احساس دا حصہ اے گیت دا موضوع بن سکدی اے۔گیت بارے ڈاکٹر وزیر آغا لکھدے نیں:
’’گیت کا امتیازی وصف یہ ہے کہ ماں ، زمین یا معاشرے کے باطن میں پیدا ہونے والی کروٹ کا علم بردار ہے۔ اسی لیے گیت میں زمین سے وابستگی بہت توانا ہے۔ مثلاًگیت کی آواز میں دھرتی کی بہت سی دوسرے آوازیں شامل ہوجاتی ہیں۔ جسے کوئل کی کوک،مینا کا ترنم، بھنورے کی گھن گھن وغیرہ۔(۲)
Pakistan is the agrarian country and its last economic data shows the growth in the agriculture production. More than 60 percent population is living in rural areas of the country and is engaged with agriculture activities. While the agro based industry is linked with agriculture sector and use agriculture raw material for production of final goods. The agro based industry provides income and employment generation opportunities. Therefore, the agro based industry is beneficial for the economic development of the area. For this study the 384 sample has been selected from the district Matiari and statistical Chi square test result highlights that the agro-based industry is beneficial for the development of the rural area.
The beginning of the twenty-first century brought a lot of changes in the educational world. Now learning is not considered as an individual activity as Lave and Wenger do not view learning as an individual cognitive processing, but as a process of participation in communities of practice. Now learning is considered not an individual activity but communal. It means everybody is the member of community. There are lots of professional development programmes conducted for schools improvement, but there are few outcomes due to several reasons. One reason could be that these programmes can not fulfill the requirements of contextual need. The second reason could be that teachers could not translate that learning into practice due to difference in context. Keeping these challenges in mind educationists introduced a school-based approach that is called Community of Practice (COP) being in which school teachers can share their concerns, successes, and challenges in their own context and learn from each other. The purpose of this research is to see if COP has been understood in Pakistani schools, what has been the process of COP and how it can be sustained as one of the approaches for school improvement. The study was undertaken in two schools, one is private and the other one is a government school. The concept of COP was introduced by AKU- IED for around 4 to 6 schools in Karachi. This study also explores how COP helped teachers (PDTs), head teachers and IED team members to enhance their understanding about this new concept as well as their own professional growth. It also highlights some of the factors, which help teachers to improve themselves and some factors, which hinder their work. This study also gives some recommendations and suggestions for creating COP in schools as well as sustaining it, as one of the best approaches to school improvement.