This is the first report study on ethnobotanical documentation in Northern Pakistan about the usage of medicinal plants for treatment of prevalent diseases including musculoskeletal disorders, hypertension, skin diseases and glottis disorders. The main aim was to document the indigenous knowledge of the local people about the utilization of medicinal flora. In total of 630 informants were interviewed in order to document comprehensive ethnomedicinal information. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices, i.e., use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), family Importance value (FIV), fidelity level (FL) and Jaccard index (JI) were calculated for the reported medicinal plants. A total of 498 medicinal plants, 450 genera, belonging to 85 families were documented. For Musculoskeletal disorders, 131 species belonging to 71 families were reported with their traditional medicinal uses. The most dominant life form was herb (69%), decoction was preferred method of utilization (43 species) and leaves were the most used plant part (57 species). The most used family was Asteraceae (11 species). Highest used category was recorded for rheumatism (63 species) and the most used species were Bistorta affinis(D. Don) Green, Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. and Colchicum luteum Baker. RFC ranged from 0.098 to 0.586, Urtica dioica L. with highest DCI (0.68) and Fabaceae was dominant family in terms of FIV (86.8%). In this study documented data was compared with 25 previous national and international published articles in order to find out some novel plant species in terms of new ethnomedicinal uses. For Hypertension, total of 164 plant species, belonging to 69 were reported. Asteraceae (23 plant species) was dominant family. The most dominant life form reported was herb (58%), preferred method of utilization was decoction (57 species) and the most used plant part was leaves (89 species). Highest FIV was recorded for Lamiaceae (327). The quantitative analysis showed RFC ranged from 0.08-1.08 and DCI from 0.233-0.000. The highest Fidelity level of plants recorded for Bauhinia variegata L. (FL=86.11). In addition to this the documented data was compared with 31 previous national and international published papers in order to obtain some novel ethnomedicinal uses. For skin diseases 106 plant species belonging to 56 families were documented. Asteraceae (14 species) was dominant family. The most dominant life form reported was herb (62%), the preferred method of utilization powder (23 species), and the most used plant part was leaves (63 species). Wound healing (43 species) is dominant disease category. The quantitative analysis showed RFC ranged from 0.07 to 0.25%. Highest use-value was reported for Psidium guajava L. (0.143 UV). Highest FIV was recorded for Pteridaceae (26.6%). In this study FL values ranged from 36.8 to 100% and the use for skin disorders was reported for the first time for 88% of the plant species. The reported data was also compared with 50 previous national and international published papers in order to obtain some novel ethnomedicinal uses. For glottis disorders 97 medicinal plant species belonging to 51 families were reported. Lamiaceae (10 species) was found as most cited family with highest FIV (62.1%). Leaves were the most frequently used plant parts (44%) followed by fruits (11%). Frequently used growth forms of medicinal plants was herb (65%) followed by trees (19%). The herbal preparations were mostly in the form of unprocessed dried/fresh, decoction (52%) and powder (12%) and were usually taken orally. Cough (73 species) was most treated diseases category. RFC value ranges from 0.268 - 0.049. Euphorbia hirta L. and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (0.22) showed the highest use vale while least UV was reported for Malva sylvestris L., and Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (0.01). Lamiaceae was the most dominant family (62.163 %). Similarly Tagetes erecta L., Aloe vera Linn., Adiantum capillus-veneris L., and Anisomeles indica L. were identified as plants with high fidelity level (FL = 94.4%). In addition to this the data was compared with 33 national and international published articles. The study provides comprehensive and useful information about traditional uses of medicinal plants used by local communities for the treatment of Musculoskeletal, Hypertension, Skin and Glottis disorders in Northern Pakistan. This project gives baseline data on indigenous knowledge in Northern Pakistan to promote local health conditions, save it for upcoming generations as well as for potential drug discovery development. In future this reported ethnopharmacological data should be used as interdisciplinary field of research in providing primary data and scientific nexus with advance research project regarding pharmacological applications as well as in advanced field of pharmaceuticals and new drug discovery development.
مولانا سعید احمد اکبر آبادی کی رحلت (ڈاکٹر محمد اسلم) علم و حکمت کا وہ آفتاب جو گذشتہ نصف صدی سے برصغیر پاک و ہند کو منور کررہا تھا، مورخہ ۲۴؍ مئی مطابق ۳؍ رمضان المبارک بروز جمعہ افطار سے تھوڑی دیر پہلے غروب ہوگیا، یعنی حضرت مولانا سعید احمد اکبرؔ آبادی عالم فانی سے عالم جادوانی کی طرف کوچ فرماگئے۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ مولانا کی علالت کا سلسلہ طویل رہا، گذشتہ سال مئی کے وسط میں حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانی کا انتقال ہوا تو ان پر اس سانحہ کا بڑا اثر ہوا، اس کے دو ماہ بعد ان کے بڑے بیٹے عمر سعید آناً فاناً وفات پاگئے، ان کی طبیعت پر اس کا بھی بڑا اثر ہوا، بیٹے کی وفات کے روز انھوں نے ان کو کسی وجہ سے خوب ڈانٹا تھا، وہ گولیاں کھا کر سونے کے عادی تھے، مولانا کا خیال ہے کہ اس روز آزردہ ہوکر انھوں نے مقررہ مقدار سے زائد گولیاں کھالیں، اور اس لحاظ سے وہ اپنے آپ کو قصور وار سمجھنے لگے تھے، گذشتہ اگست میں میرے قیام علی گڑھ کے دوران میں انھیں کتے نے کاٹ لیا، ڈاکٹر نے ان کے شکم میں متعدد انجکشن لگائے، لیکن چند روز بعد وہ جگہ متورم ہوگئی، اور انھیں بخار آنے لگا، ڈاکٹروں نے ملیریا بخار کی تشخیص کی اور انھیں کونین کھلانا شروع کردیا، ضرورت سے زیادہ کونین کے استعمال سے ان کا جگر خراب ہوگیا، اور خون پیدا ہونا بند ہوگیا، خرابی جگر سے یرقان ہوگیا، علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کے ہسپتال میں بغرض علاج داخل ہوگئے، لیکن افاقہ نہ ہوا، حکیم افہام اﷲ خان صاحب اور حکیم عبدالحمید صاحب کے ہی زیر علاج رہے، لیکن کمزوری دن بہ دن بڑھتی چلی گئی، ان کی علالت بڑھتی گئی ان کی بیٹی مسعودہ سعید کراچی سے علی گڑھ پہنچیں...
Background Patients seeking emergency department (ED) care for non-acute conditions are a major contributor to ED overcrowding, which results in longer wait times. Method This was a cross-sectional study, conducted using an online survey among the Saudi population to assess their awareness about primary healthcare clinics (PHCCs) and urgent care clinics (UCCs), their role, and their scope of practice. Results A total of 565 participants were included in this study. Most of the respondents (81.1%) reported lengthy waiting times in the ED. Moreover, most (81.6%) stated that they had never visited a family doctor, yet they (92.6%) favoured having one for follow-up care. Close to half of the participants (50.3%) reported attending PHCCs without an appointment, and the majority of them (69.2%) said that PHCCs were overcrowded. Finally, most participants (92.4%) had not heard aboutUCCs. Conclusion ED overcrowding and prolonged waiting times remain a public concern. PHCCs and UCCs are underutilised, and this is attributed to the lack of awareness about their scope and their services.
Complex laminar flows of incompressible fluids have been investigated numerically. Both Newtonian and generalised non–Newtonian fluids are simulated, whilst for generalised non–Newtonian fluids, two shear thinning models, i.e., Bird–Carreau and Power law, are employed. Both models are. For numerical investigation the flow problem adopted is two–dimensional axisymmetric periodically constricted tube. The frame of reference used in the investigation is cylindrical polar co–ordinates. For the simulation two–dimensional momentum transport equation is solved using a Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical scheme used is known as Taylor–Galerkin/pressure–correction algorithm. In open literature this problem is simulated only for single aspect ratio (amplitude) of the undulation in the absence of fibres. Whereas, in this research investigation principal aim is introduction of fibre reinforced composite material. Different aspect ratios of undulation are also simulated at various inertial forces. For comparison purpose with other experimental results as well as numerical prediction, initially, flow is considered for constant viscosity Newtonian fluids through periodically constricted tube. Subsequently, from dilute to semi–dilute rigid rod like fibre suspended in all fluid models, i.e., constant viscosity, Bird–Carreau and Power law fluids have been examined. For different undulation levels of periodically constricted tube, the critical values of the Reynolds number have been identified, where beginning of embryo recirculation region starts. As inertial force increases, augmentation of vortex is observed in the undulation region. While, introducing fibres vortices shrinks in length and intensity. For Newtonian, power law and Bird–Carreau models pressure isobars are also demonstrated. In all levels of fibre concentration, the graphical illustration of calculated data for friction factor as well as empirical relationships is illustrated for all undulation aspect ratios.