The current exploration provides an important ethnobotanical data about the usage of Wild Edible Fruit species from Northern Pakistan. It is the first study on the ethnobotanical uses of WEFs, quantitatively assessed using several indices. A novelty of use reports, part use and mode of utilization is derived from comparison with previous published research works. The major focus of this investigation is to document the traditional information, usage and to assess conservation status of WEFs. Ethnobotanical information is recorded through semi-structured and open-ended interviews using questionnaire and group discussions from 538 local informers of varied ages, gender, education levels, and experience. The ethnobotanical information was quantitatively analyzed using indices like FIV, RFC, FIC, RI, UV, JI, FI, CI and PR. The study reported 95 WEF species and their traditional uses, belonging to 38 families, 58 genera with 47.4 % trees, 36.8 % shrubs and 15.8 % herbs. Family Rosaceae dominate the list of families by 23 species, followed by Rhamnaceae 9 species and Moraceae 7 species. Family Berberidaceae represents highest values for FIV (47.7 %). The maximum utilized plant part(s) is fruit used in raw form (47 %), 53 species are categorized for food and medicinal purpose, 33 species for Join/Body aches, 53 species for digestive disorders and 39 species of WEFs are specifically used in respiratory complaints. Mean FIC was (0.25) indicates low agreement of respondents for disease categories, FIC for Joint/body aches was highest (0.72), digestive disorders (0.5) and Respiratory complaints (0.4). Use value suggests high relative importance for Punica granatum (0.6), followed by Juglans regia (0.05). The average mean percentages on use reports was (18 %) for each species. Traditional knowledge is prevailing in the region, found more in people of old ages as compared to young ones. Many of the WEFs documented have multiple uses, and a single fruit species for many tenacities. The study encompasses the need to conserve the traditional knowledge and carry out future phytochemical investigations to appraise important minerals, nutrients, antioxidant potential and toxic effects of WEFs. The study will serve as a reference data for nutritionists, particularly in food chemistry, health and industry. In addition, ways and means are needed to preserve and use natural reserve in a maintainable way.
1968ء یا 69کی بات ہے ذوالفقار علی بھٹو اندرونِ سندھ کے دورے سے اپنے گھر لاڑکانہ واپس جا رہے تھے اور سخت بخار کی حالت میںتھے ۔ان کی گاڑی ممتاز بھٹو چلا رہے تھے شہداد کوٹ اور قمبر کے نزدیک ایک مزار کے فقیروں ،ملنگوں اور درویشوں کو بھٹو کی آمد کا پتہ چلا تو انہوں نے بھٹو کی گاڑی کو وارہ پل کے مقام پر گھیر لیا ۔ممتاز بھٹو نے لاکھ سمجھانے کی کوشش کی کہ بھٹو صاحب کو بخار ہے مگر نہ مانے اور انہیں اپنے ساتھ آستانے پر لے جانے پر بضد رہے ۔ذوالفقار علی بھٹو ان کا مطالبہ مان کر ان کے ساتھ گئے ۔وہاں فقیروں ،ملنگوں اور درویشوں نے بھٹو کو اپنے ساتھ چرس اور بھنگ پینے کی پیشکش کی ۔بھٹو نے کہا آپ چائے پلا دیں ۔اسی وقت ان فقیروں نے گڑ کی چائے بنا کر پیش کی اسی دوران ایک ملنگ نے درباروں والا مخصوص ہار اپنے گلے سے اتار کر بھٹو کے گلے میں ڈال دیا ۔بھٹو تیز بخار کی صورت میں کچھ دیر وہاں فقیروں کے ساتھ بیٹھے اور پھر اجازت لے کر وہاں سے لاڑکانہ چلے گئے ۔
ان فقیروں ،ملنگوں اور درویشوں اوران جیسے کروڑوں لوگوں نے …جنہیں پیپلز پارٹی مدت ہوئی فراموش کر چکی ہے ،آج تک بھٹو کو اپنے دلوں میں بسایا ہوا ہے ۔
The paper deals with the different styles of iltifāt found in the Holy Qur’ān and coming out with a general scheme to account for its occurrence in order to enhance the understanding of the subtleties of this feature of Qur’ān ic style. To accomplish this, the research was carried out by way of an analytical study of the instances of iltifāt in the Holy Qur’ān. As a prelude to the discussion of this subject, the research provides the meaning of iltifāt among the Arab rhetoricians and the status of iltifāt as one of the rhetorical tropes. The paper also discussed the significations of iltifāt which have already been mentioned by previous scholars, and since those scholars touched on the significations only briefly, therefore, the research strived to explore further aspects of their interpretations making an effort to highlight new significations of iltifat and an attempt to introduce a new approach in looking at the iltifāt phenomenon, in different Sura’hs of Qur’ān, to demonstrate the application of this new perspective. Finally the research shows that the occurrence of iltifÉt in the Qur’ān follows certain patterns that are related to the intended significations at the various locations where they appear in the Qur’ān.
Scientific publications are growing exponentially. For example, more than 50 million journal papers have been published till now, and more than 2 million journal papers are added to the scientific knowledge every year. The published conference papers are in billions, and millions others are added every year. The world famous scientific databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed etc index millions of such scientific papers, and that also despite the fact that their index either belongs to specialized domain or it is selective. There is another comprehensive index known as Google Scholar, indexes huge scientific knowledge from different domains. These systems make available the scientific knowledge to researchers. The advancement in research is always possible by standing on the shoulders of others. However, when users attempt to identify relevant papers from the mentioned systems or other similar systems, they are given millions of papers and are asked to select the most relevant papers manually by skimming those millions of papers. This creates frustration, and generally all of the selected papers do not belong to the list of papers which the users must read. In this task, many important papers are overlooked by the users as well. The identification of relevant papers from such a big data has attracted a number of researchers across the globe to find solutions to this problem. The contemporary approaches use a variety of techniques for the identification of the relevant documents such as content based approaches, metadata based approaches, collaborative filtering based approaches, co-citation analysis, and bibliographic analysis etc. However, the state-of-the-art research lacks in many directions such as its inability to find the nature of relationship between scientific documents and its failure to find how strongly two scientific documents are linked up, based on their relationship strength. To address these issues, this thesis designs, implements, and evaluates a novel approach that facilitates researchers to identify the most relevant papers in their domains. The proposed approach identifies the most relevant papers from the list of cited-by papers for the cited paper. This thesis works on the in-text citation frequencies and in-text citation patterns to identify the most relevant papers. In-text citation frequency is the number of occurrences of citations of one paper in the text of the other paper. In-text citation frequency patterns are the in-text citation evidences in different sections of the paper. The system has been implemented as a prototype for 3 CiteSeer. The proposed system has been evaluated using a number of user studies. The proposed approach shows encouraging results and assists the scientific community to identify the most relevant papers from a huge list of papers.