نبی کریم ﷺ کی خانگی و معاشرتی زندگی کے اہم پہلو

The Holy Quran Says: “Indeed in (the life of) the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad SAW) you have a good example to follow” (Al-Ahzab: 33/21). The present article shows that “the good example” of the Prophet (SAW) encompasses different aspects of human life including family and social one. The article brings to light that as a guardian of the household; the Prophet (SAW) sincerely looked after the daily needs of his family members and also took full care of guiding them in religious matters. He was habitual of doing his own works and sharing the burden of his family in domestic works. He gave preference to the needy among the companions (particularly Ashab-i- Suffah) over his family members in giving assistance for meeting the day-today requirements. With regard to the social life of the Prophet (SAW), the article discusses in detail that with multifarious duties, how he used to fulfill his social responsibilities regularly and faithfully. The author mainly emphasizes the active participation of the Prophet (SAW) in the collective works with his companions, strictly adhering to the principle of equality and desiring no distinction for himself while doing works. The article further takes into account the ideal practices of the Prophet (SAW) with regard to attending to the needs of poor, distressed and grieved persons without any discrimination between Muslims and non-Muslims. It also comes to light that the Prophet (SAW) was quite generous towards guests and sympathetic to patients including Muslims and non-Muslims. His mingling and associating with common people and attending to their problems of varied nature was also a striking feature of his social life. Moreover, it was also shown in the article with reference to the authentic sources, that the Prophet (SAW) was great helpful and cooperative particularly for the people of the weaker sections of society including slaves, servants, orphans, widows and disabled persons. In the light of the noble practices of the Prophet (SAW), this was highlighted by the contributor in the different parts of the article that he had left ideal examples of gentleness, justice, equality and transparency in dealing with people in social life and discharging his duties as the Prophet and head of the state. In fact, the total conformity (mutabaqat) between his sayings and practices was a shining example of his high character which had left a great and lasting impact on the society through ages and also contributed to make him the greatest personality of the world. It was observed by the author in the conclusion that the life of the Prophet (SAW) has been ideal from every aspect of human life. His Uswah-i- Mubarakah regarding social life has great importance from the point of view that it is mostly related to the fulfillment of human rights, particularly behaving and dealing with the people different shades. Of course, taking care and fulfillment of human rights is full of difficult trials and complicated problems especially in the present days. So, the Sirah of the Prophet (SAW) is quite relevant to tackle the problems of social life, as well as great useful for bringing reform in the decaying society of modern period.

Synthesis of Some N4-Substituted Isatins-3-Thiosemicarbazones and Their Transition Metal Complexes As Potential Bioactive Agents.

The focus of this thesis is on the synthesis and in vitro biological testing of some target N4- substituted isatin-3-thiosemicarbazones and their transition metal complexes. Thus, three series of N4-benzyl substituted isatin-3-thiosemicarbazones (19-33), (34- 48) and (49-63) were synthesized by condensing isatin, 5-nitroisatin and 5-chloroisatin, respectively, with the appropriate N-substituted thiosemicarbazides. All the synthesized thiosemicarbazones (19-63) were characterized by means of their analytical (CHN) and spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, EIMS) data and tested for the selected biological properties i.e. antiurease, phytotoxic, cytotoxic, anticarbonic anhydrase and antiglycation activities. All the synthetic thiosemicarbazones (19-63) proved to be highly potent inhibitors of urease, displaying excellent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.87 ± 0.25 − 11.23 ± 0.19 µM) even better than the reference inhibitor, thiourea (IC50 = 22.3 ± 1.06 µM) used in the assay. In phytotoxicity assay, 33 out of 45 thiosemicarbazones tested i.e. (19-22), (25), (26), (28-30), (32), (33), (34-40), (42-44), (46-48), (51), (52), (56-61) and (63) appeared to be active, exhibiting weak or non-significant (5-100%) growth inhibition of Lemna aequinocitalis at 1000 or 500 µg/mL concentrations in comparison to paraquat (the standard herbicide), which showed 100% plant growth inhibition at 0.015 µg/mL concentration. In the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality bioassay, only 4 compounds i.e. (20), (28), (33) and (42) were found to be active, demonstrating cytotoxic activity with LD50 values 3.63 × 10-5, 2.90 × 10-5, 2.31 × 10-4 and 2.55 × 10-5 M, respectively. The remaining compounds gave LD50 values greater than 2.36 × 10-4 − 3.22 × 10-4 M and were, therefore, considered to be almost inactive. On the other hand, in the carbonic anhydrase (CA-II) inhibition bioassay, all the trial compounds (19-63) showed less than 50% of enzymatic inhibition and thus were considered to be inactive. However, in the antiglycation activity assay, 21 out of 45 compounds tested i.e. (20-22), (24), (26), (28), (29), (34), (36), (39), (45), (47), (48), (50), (51), (56-59), (61) and (62) proved to be potent inhibitors of glycation, demonstrating inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 114.51 ± 1.08 to 643.80 ± 5.80 µM. Of these, (21), (22), (26), (28), (29), (34), (36), (51), (56-58) and (62) exhibited superb inhibitory activity (IC50 = 114.51 ± 1.08 – 241.90 ± 1.97 µM) even better than the reference inhibitor, rutin (294.50 ± 1.50 µM) and thus may act as convincing leads for further studies. The synthetic thiosemicarbazones (19), (21), (22), (24-31), (34-37), (39-42), (44-46) and (48) were used as ligands for synthesizing their Cu(II) complexes. All the synthesized metal complexes (64-86) were characterized by means of their analytical (CHN), spectral (IR, R (Raman), UV-Vis), magnetic moments, thermal and molar conductance data, and evaluated for the selected biological properties viz. antiurease, anticarbonic anhydrase and antiglycation activities. In antiurease assay, coordination of all the thiosemicarbazone ligands to metal ions was found to lead to decrement in the enzyme inhibitory activity that they possessed. Relatively, extensive decrease occurred in the cases of (65), (67), (68), (71), (73), (76-81) and (84). On the contrary, in CA inhibition bioassay, coordination of the ligands to metal ions was found to give rise to induction of enzyme inhibitory activity in certain cases. For example, the metal complexes (66), (72-76), (80) and (83-86) exhibited promising enzymatic inhibition with IC50 values 5.9 ± 0.00 − 21.26 ± 0.35 µM in contrast to the corresponding ligands (22), (29-31), (34), (35), (40), (44-46) and (48), which displayed less than 50% (i.e. from − 9.3 to 33.1%) inhibition of the enzyme and thus considered to be inactive. Similarly, the coordination of thiosemicarbazone ligands to metal ions was found to bring about either induction or enhancement of antiglycation activity. For example, the metal complexes (64), (68), (70), (73), (74), (76), (78), (80-83) and (85) showed excellent activity with IC50 values ranging from 105.74 ± 3.1 to 247.06 ± 1.75 µM as compared to the relevant ligands (19), (25), (27), (30), (31), (35), (37), (40-43) and (46), which demonstrated less than 50% (i.e. 10.32−40.98 %) inhibition of glycation. Similarly, the metal complexes (65-67), (69), (71), (72), (75), (77), (79) and (84) displayed markedly enhanced antiglycation activity in comparison to the respective ligands (21), (22), (24), (26), (28), (29), (34), (36), (39) and (45) (IC50 values 94.64 ± 0.99 − 135.20 ± 1.87 vs. 209.87 ± 0.37 − 522.68 ± 9.1 µM).