The phenomena of convective heat transfer between an ambient fluid and a body immersed in it, stems give a better insights into the nature of underlying physical processes such as processing with high temperature, space technology, engineering and industrial areas such as propulsion devices for missiles, aircraft, satellites and nuclear power plants. With this understanding, in the present work, an immense research effort has been expended in exploring and understanding the convective heat transfer between fluid and submerged vertical plate. In practice, we are interested in the full details of velocity, temperature and transverse component of magnetic field profiles, boundary layer thickness and some other quantities at the surface of the vertical plate such as the heat transfer from liquid to the plate or from plate to the liquid, frictional drag exerted by the fluid on the surface and current density for the case of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow field. For this purpose, the boundary layer equations are transformed into convenient form by introducing independent variables such as primitive variables for finite difference method and stream function formulation for asymptotic series solutions to calculate the above mentioned quantities. For the development of the topic, an extensive literature survey is outlined in Chapter 1 with appropriate references well targeted to the title of the problem. The purpose of the Chapter 2 of this thesis is to introduce the boundary layer concepts and to show how the equations of viscous flow are simplified hereby. The standard boundary layer parameters and boundary layer equations are introduced in more general form in this chapter. Chapter 3 deals with the thermal radiation effects on hydromagnetic mixed convection laminar boundary layer flow of viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting and optically dense grey fluid along a magnetized vertical plate. The solution of transformed boundary layer equations are then simulated by employing two methods (i) finite difference method for entire values of ξ and (ii) asymptotic series solution for small and large values of transpiration parameter ξ . The physical parameters that dominate the flow and other quantities such as the local skin friction, rate of heat transfer and current density at the surface of the plate has been discussed. The effect of magnetic force parameter S, conduction radiation parameter Rd , Prandtl number Pr, magnetic Prandtl number Pm and mixed convection parameter λ with surface temperature θ w in terms of local skin friction, rate of heat transfer and current density at the surface have been shown graphically and in tabular form. The material used in Chapter 3 is modified in Chapter 4 and reformulated to calculate the effects of conduction-radiation on hydromagnetic natural convection flow by using the same numerical techniques as used in Chapter 3. The material has been divided into two parts. The first part Chapters 3 and 4 presents steady part of the problem for mixed and natural convection flow. The second part of the thesis is the Chapters 5 and 6 which is devoted to find the numerical solution of the problem for unsteady part of mixed and natural convection flow. Chapter 5 describes the effect of conduction radiation on fluctuating hydromagnetic mixed convection flow of viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting and optically dense grey fluid past a magnetized vertically plate. The effects of different values of the mixed convection parameter λ , the conduction radiation parameter Rd , Prandtl number Pr, the magnetic Prandtl number Pm , the magnetic force parameter S and the surface temperature θ w , are discussed in terms of amplitudes and phases of shear stress, rate of heat transfer and current density at the surface. The effects of these parameters on the transient shear stress, rate of heat transfer and current density have also been discussed in detail. The finite difference method for the entire values of local frequency parameter ξ and asymptotic series solution for small and large values of local stream wise parameter ξ have been implemented in this study. In Chapter 6, we extended the Chapter 4 into unsteady form and find the numerical solutions of the effects of conduction radiation on fluctuating hydromagnetic natural convection flow of viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting and optically dense grey fluid past a magnetized vertically plate.
پنڈت برجموہن دتاتریہ کیفی ؔ پچھلے دنوں یہ خبر ہندوپاک کے ادبی حلقوں میں انتہائی حزن وملال کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ اردو زبان کے نامور ادیب ومحقق پنڈت برجموہن دتاتریہ کیفی ؔ اپنے وطن غازی آباد میں ۹۱ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کرگئے۔آپ قبل از تقسیم انجمن ترقی اردو حیدرآباد ثم دہلی کے روح ورواں اور مولوی عبدالحق کے دستِ راست تھے۔ جتنے بڑے شگفتہ نگار، ادیب اورصاحبِ قلم تھے اتنے ہی بلند پایہ زبان و ادب کے محقق ومبصر تھے۔جو کچھ لکھتے تھے کافی غوروفکر اورمطالعہ کے بعد بڑے رکھ رکھاؤ کے ساتھ لکھتے تھے۔انجمن ترقی اردو کے سہ ماہی رسالہ’’ اردو‘‘ میں اور ہفتہ وار اخبار ’’ہماری زبان‘‘ میں پنڈت جی کے مقالات بڑی دلچسپی کے ساتھ پڑھے جاتے تھے۔ان کی تصانیف میں ’’منشورات‘‘ اور’’کیفیہ‘‘ خاص طور پر بہت اہم کتابیں ہیں۔جن میں زبان و ادب کے مختلف مباحث پر بڑی محققانہ اور بصیرت افروز گفتگو کی گئی ہے اور بعض بڑے اہم نکات بیان کیے گئے ہیں۔ اردو کے ساتھ ان کو محبت نہیں عشق تھا اس کے لیے وہ بڑی سے بڑی قربانی کرنا اپنا فرض جانتے تھے۔ تقسیم کے بعد اس ملک میں اردو کی بے کسی دیکھ دیکھ کرانھیں بڑا ملال ہوتا تھا۔تاہم اس کے مستقبل کی طرف سے وہ مایوس نہیں تھے اوران کویقین تھاکہ جس طرح ہردرخت اپنی زمین میں ہی پھلتا پھولتا اور بڑھتا ہے۔ اسی طرح اردوزبان اس دیس کی زبان ہے وہ یہاں جتنی ترقی کرسکتی ہے کسی دوسرے ملک میں نہیں کرسکتی ۔اترپردیش میں اردو کوعلاقائی زبان بنانے کی تحریک کے سلسلہ میں جو دستخطی مہم ہوئی تھی۔کیفیؔ صاحب نے اس میں عملاً بڑی سرگرمی سے حصّہ لیا ۔پیہم علالت، امتدادِسن اورضعف کے باوجود وہ اردو کاکام کرنے سے کبھی نہیں تھکتے اوراُکتاتے تھے ۔ یوں بھی بحیثیت انسان کے بڑی خوبیوں کے...
This Paper analyses the causes of the domestic violence against female beggars and their impacts on their lives. The paper is strictly limited to Taluka Qasimabad, District Hyderabad. The domestic violence against women exits in various forms. However, it is pretty horrible in the form being inflicted against female beggars in Qasimabad. The scores of causes for the domestic violence against female beggars range from rising poverty to population explosions with deep physical and mental impacts on the sufferers. For data collection qualitative research through Focused Group discussion method has been used through snow ball technique. 10 Cases of female beggars have been opted for the FGDs out of which two participated with their social backgrounds. The study concludes the pathetic condition of the female beggars due to multiple factors and their serious implications both physically as well as mentally. The study recommends prompt action from the Government as well as social scientist to go deep further in the social issues such as violence against the female beggars. Simultaneously there is immediate intervention of Government and the concerned department to address these issues on emergent basis as the number is likely to reach an alarming level.
Seed has matchless position among various agricultural inputs as the efficiency of all other inputs mainly depends on the production prospective of seed. The sustainability of any crop depends upon seed quality. Wheat being the staple food, occupies a significant position in agriculture of Pakistan. Wheat growers deserve special attention in terms of their training in quality seed production because seed is the most important farm input. As most of the farmers of the country are illiterate and have limited access to quality wheat seed. Specific needs are to be identified before any kind of training is given to the farmers in terms of quality seed production. For this purpose, the present study was conducted in district Narowal of the Punjab province. A multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of study sample. For this purpose one markaz from each of the three tehsils was selected at random. From each markaz, 3 union councils were selected randomly and 2 villages from each selected union council were chosen at random. Twenty respondents (wheat growers) from each village were selected randomly, thus making a sample size of 360 respondents. The data were collected through a reliable and validated interview schedule and was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).Analysis of the data show that majority of the respondents belonged to middle aged category, was illiterate and operating land holding of 5-10 acres of land. A large majority of the farmers were owner cultivators and was not dependent on agriculture only as their source of income. A large majority of the respondents had no knowledge about the class of seed they used for seed production as well as had no idea whether or not they had used the approved variety for seed production. An overwhelming majority of the respondents had no knowledge about seed germination percentage and about good and contamination free seed. A large majority of the respondents did not use quality seed for wheat seed production and used their own seed source for seed. A vast majority of the respondents had very low level of knowledge with respect to seed germination line spacing, seed depth, isolation distance and seed grading. Similarly more or less than half of the respondents had very low level with respect to purity of seed, seed treatment, roughing, insect/pests control and use of farm machinery.The practices such as; source of quality seed, purity of seed, insect/pest control, seed germination, line spacing, seed depth, isolation distance, seed grading, roughing, use of farm machinery, harvesting and threshing of seed crop needed medium to high level of training, while seedbed preparation, selection of land, seed rate, sowing method, weed management and storage of seed required low to medium level of training. The fertilizer application required medium to high level of training and irrigation for seed crop required low to medium level of training. The chi-square values show a highly significant assosiation between age, education, size of land holding, area under wheat crop and use of approved variety for seed production. The gamma value shows a negative trend with regard to age while, the Gamma value with respect to education, size of land holding, area under wheat crop show a positive trend. The Chi- square values for association between independent variable (age, education, size of land holding, area under wheat cultivation, existing knowledge regarding quality wheat seed production, existing knowledge about fertilizer application and existing knowledge about application of irrigation) and dependent variable (training needs for quality seed production) show a highly significant relationship. The Gamma values (-ve) of education, size of land holding, area under wheat cultivation, existing knowledge regarding quality wheat seed production, existing knowledge about fertilizer application and existing knowledge about application of irrigation water show that the relationship was inversely proportional,while the Gamma value (+ve) of age show that the relationship was directly proportional.