Pakistan has a strong geo-strategic location in South Asia that served as a corridor for subsequent human migration events which configured its genetic variation. Besides, Indo-Pak has previous history of frequent invasions that contributed to the diversity of culture and reshaped its genetic makeup. Pakistani population is categorized in various ethnic groups major of them are Punjabi, Pathan, Baloch, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Hazara and Makrani. I have characterized mitochondrial DNA control region, Y-Chromosomal STRs and autosomal STRs on 318 random individuals from three ethnic groups; Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hazara. Mitochondrial DNA control region analysis revealed that the major proportion of Sindhi and Kashmiri maternal lineage was contributed by South Asian and Eurasian haplogroups respectively. The minor proportion was contributed by East Asian, American and African haplogroups. In Hazara population major maternal components were comprised of Eurasian and South Asian whereas minor maternal components of American and East Asian. Consequently, a series of invasions were reflected in Y-Chromosome gene pool of Pakistani population. Paternally inherited Y-Chromosome STRs analysis showed great haplotype diversity of Sindhi (0.999677), Kashmiri (0.99752) and Hazara (0.99989) populations which were illustrated through median joining network based on haplotypes frequencies. Allelic frequency distribution exhibited that locus DYS385b was more diverse and polymorphic in Kashmiri (0.8001), Sindhi (0.8373) and Hazara (0.8373) populations whereas locus DYS391 was least diverse in Kashmiri (0.4374) and locus DYS392 displayed minimum diversity value in Sindhi (0.4515) and Hazara (0.4515) population. Moreover, in this study 318 individuals from Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hazara populations were genotyped for 15 autosomal STRs. Distribution of allele frequency and other forensic efficiency parameters; for instance Power of Exclusion (PE), Matching Probability (MP) and Power of Discrimination (PD) were estimated for Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hazara populations. Locus D2S1338 exhibited maximum power of discrimination in Sindhi (0.9594), Kashmiri (0.963) and Hazara (0.967). Pairwise linkage disequilibrium was also estimated at a probability level of p<0.05 revealed that three loci D3S1358, TPOX and D8S1179 in Sindhi population were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. On the other hand after applying the Bonferroni correction (p<0.003) only one locus TPOX remain deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Locus D18S51 and D19S433 in Kashmiri and Hazara population respectively displayed deviation at the probability level of p<0.005 however, no deviation was observed after Bonferroni correction (p<0.003). Accordingly, the pattern of heterogeneous admixture and genetic variation of selected Pakistani populations were further unveiled by the comparison with local and global populations through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Phylogenetic analysis. PCA based on mitochondrial haplogroups frequency revealed the genetic closeness of all Pakistani populations to each other and also with Uzbekistan. MDS based on Y-chromosome haplotypes exhibited nearness of Kashmiri population with Greece and Serbia whereas Sindhi population indicated the genetic affinity with East Anatolia and Iran. Bipaternal phylogenetic analysis displayed that Sindhi population was in vicinity of Iraq and Kashmiri population was near to South India. Hazara population shared ancestors with Siberia and Mongol populations. Furthermore, the data generated in this comprehensive study can be used to establish lineage of Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hazara population and to develop a data base of Pakistani population for forensic purpose.
مسٹر گارنر، جن کی وفات کی خبر حال میں شایع ہوئی ہے، ایک مشہور سیاح تھے، جنھوں نے سالہا سال افریقہ کے جنگلوں کی خاک چھانی تھی، آج سے تقریباً تیس سال قبل انھوں نے اس دعویٰ کا اعلان کیا تھا کہ بندروں میں بھی باہم ایک طریقہ کی گفتگو ہوتی ہے۔ ۱۸۹۲ء میں وہ مقام گیبون میں مقیم ہوئے، جہاں بندروں کی سب سے زیادہ ترقی یافتہ صنف گوریلا کی بکثرت آبادی ہے، یہاں کئی مہینہ تک انھوں نے اپنے تئیں ایک بڑے قفس آہنی میں ایک چمپانزی کے ساتھ مقید رکھا، اور اس کے ذریعے سے بندروں کی باہمی ’’گفتگو‘‘ سنتے رہے، لیکن ان کے اس دعویٰ کو سائنٹفک حلقوں میں زیادہ مقبولیت نہ حاصل ہوئی، اور جمہور محققین کا فیصلہ اس وقت یہ ہے کہ نطق و گویائی کی قوت انسان کے لیے مخصوص ہے، جس میں بندر وغیرہ کوئی صنف حیوانات اس کی شریک نہیں۔
اجوکی کافی دا وَڈا شاعر: افضال حسین گیلانی Kafi is a genre of Poetry that is found in the poetry of Sufis. It contains accessories such as Naat, Manqabat, and Qasida where the state of distance and the pleasure of connection are maintained. Kafi began with Shah Hussain and many Sufi poets experimented with it. One of them is Syed Afzal Hussain Gilani who has described Kafi as a classical tradition as well as a contemporary one. This article discusses Syed Afzal Hussain Gilani's Kafies.
Pervasivecomputingoffersenvironmentsinwhichuserneedsortasksarefulfilled without demanding their attention. This requires discovering a service or a set of services based on context (i.e. user presence, user activity, user location, temperature level,lightintensityleveletc.). Anatomicservicemaysometimesmeetthesimpleuser needs but meeting of complex user needs may lead to discovering a number of relevant services and composing them together. While the composed service may well serve userneeds,therecometimeswhenausermaywanttocustomizetheenvironmentbased on her preferences and this require adapting the composed service through parameter adjustment of one of its constituent services or a multiple constituent services. This makescontext-awarenessingeneralandcontextualservicecompositionandadaptation inparticularacorerequirementofpervasivecomputingapplications. Servicesavailable in the environment may be heterogeneous with regard to different discovery protocols (e.g., UPnP, SLP, JINI, etc.) being used fortheirpublication, discovery andinteraction. Context-aware service composition may involve discovery of heterogeneous services andtheadaptationofthecomposedservicemayinvolveinteractingwithheterogeneous constituent services. This raises the issue of service heterogeneity in context-aware service composition and adaptation. We have also proposed an approach following a separation of concerns, which allows adaptation decision logic (adaptation concern), a core part of context-aware applications, to be independently treated and managed as a separate unit of execution from the rest of application code. The proposed approach allows modelling of adaption concerns as declarative Event-Condition-Action (ECA) polices. This allows rapid development of context-aware applications and their dynamic modifiability. Another research issue that we address in this thesis is that of user involvement. Tothisend,wehaveproposedauser-centricapproachthatallowstheusertoparticipate in development of context-aware applications. To address aforementioned research challenges, we have designed and implemented a system whose detailed description is provided in the thesis. The system has been evaluated through usability,performance and scalability measures.