Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) exists for a long time such as creams, and ointments for topical ailments.Incorporating drugs in transdermal patch ismore recent application. Liquid reservoir system, solid reservoir/peripheral adhesive system or matrix (drug in adhesive) system may be used to deliver the drug through skin. In present work thirty six matrix type transdermal patch formulations of diclofenac sodium, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac diethylamine and flurbiprofen (nine each) were developed by using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC 4000 cps,), polyvinylpyrolidine (PVP K-30,) and ammonio methacrylate copolymer type A (Eudragit RL-100). Different skin permeation enhancers like isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate and tween 80 were incorporated in the formulations. The influence of various formulation variables, such as initial drug load and certain skin permeation enhancers on permeation characteristics of selected analgesics from the prepared formulations was studies through hairless abdominal rabbit skin by using the modified Franz diffusion cell. The permeation parameters were estimated by Chow method following the Fick’s law of diffusion. The penetration profiles of all formulations were influenced significantly (p <0.05) by the addition of enhancers in comparison to formulation controls (without enhancers) and commercially available product (market control). Among the enhancers studied, isopropyl myristate and isopropyl palmitate produced better results with high relative permeation ratio (14.61, 27.40) and enhancing factor (32, 7.83). All the formulations showed good stability and reproducibility. The prepared patch formulations resulted better permeability as compared to the controls with high apparent permeation rates (121.18 ± 34.37 µg.h-1 cm-2) and diffusion coefficients (8.68 ± 0.43 cm2/s × 10-4) with shorter lag times (1.0 ± 0.15 h). The diffusion coefficients were found independent of initial drug load for all formulations. Release profiles were evaluated by model-dependent approaches. The drug release from almost all formulations was best explained by zero order equation, as the plots showed highest linearity (r2 > 0.952), followed by Higuchi equation. The mechanism of drug release for most of formulations was super case II transport and in few, non-Fickian diffusion. The pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized formulations for each drug were determined from blood levels which revealed a profile typical of sustained release formulation having low elimination rate constants and high Mean Residence Time with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 h i.e. up to the next application. The higher steady-state flux, diffusion coefficient and permeability coefficient, as well as the decreased lag time of permeation ofdiclofenac sodium 5% with IPP, 5% diclofenac potassium with IPM, 5% diclofenac diethylamine with IPP and flurbiprofen 10% with IPM as compared to formulation control (without enhancer) and commercially available gel (market control) was obtained. The faster permeation of the drug as compared to the controls could be attributed to the incorporation of skin penetration enhancer. The pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that the optimized formulations exhibit typical sustained release phenomenon having low elimination rate constants and high MRT with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 h i.e. up to the next application. Therefore it is concluded that the incorporation of skin penetration enhancers like IPM and IPP are promising in developing matrix type patch formulation.
The extract is that the plastic surgery is legitimate for medical treatment. Any kind of transformation in the creation of Allah is illegitimate. For women the removal of extra hair the usage of different kind of creams etc for fairness is legitimate. The transformation of inborn deficiency is legitimated. In case of deception and for the sake of Satan the illegitimate transformation in human body which is bestowed by ALLAH is considered as ingratitude and ungratefulness to ALLAH which is abominable and invalid.
The genus begomovirusbelongs to the family Geminiviridae that have emerged as serious constraints worldwide and infect variety of crops including vegetables, ornamental plants and weeds. To determine the diversity of begomoviruses on chillies,samples were collected on the basis of symptoms from Attock, Talagang, Chakwal, Islamabad and Hyderabad. Samples were tested by TAS-ELISA against begomoviruses by use of monoclonal antibodies of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), Indiancassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and Okra leaf curl virus (OLCV). The results indicated that all isolates showed range of high to moderate or low level of reaction. A panel of four monoclonal antibodies of ACMV, three of ICMV and three of OLCV were used. Epitope profile pattern slightly differed within each group, depending upon the location and concentration of the virus in the tested isolates. It was also confirmed that symptomatic chilli samples contained multiple infections of the begomoviruses in the studied area. Diverse patterns were found indicating great diversity among begomoviruses infecting chillies. The core region was amplified using two sets of degenerate primers. The sequencing data of nineteen samples indicates the presence of nine different species of begomoviruses, namely;Chilli leaf curl virus (ChLCV),Mesta yellow vein mosaic virus (MYVMV), Tomato enation leaf curl virus (ToELCV), Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus (ToLCKV),Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV),Papaya leaf curl virus (PLCV),Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (ToYLCV),Chilli leaf curl Oman virus (ChLCOV),Pedilanthus leaf curl virus(PeLCV).More than one virus was isolated from the single sample indicating 1 12 thepresence of mixed populations of begomoviruses in chilli crop. Full length genome of four different begomovirus species was obtained, (248)Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV), (249)Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBV), Pepper leaf curlvirus (PepLCV) and (251)Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV). No evidence for the presence of DNA-B was available, using abutting primers from the Intergenic Region (IR), when the same samples were tested. This indicates the monopartite nature of begomoviruses isolates, associated with betasatellites and alphasatellites. It becomes clear that CLCuBV and PepLCVwere associated with PLCVβ and CLCuBα. However PeLCV possesses PLCVβ but there was no association of alphasatellites. Furthermore, ToLCGV was associated EYVβ; however, alphasatellite was absent. Apart from understanding the nature of mix infection, this study has both epidemiological and pathological implications. Diseases caused by begomoviruses and associated DNA satellites have been expanding rapidly both in geographical distribution and host range. Given the presence of large number of begomoviruses throughout Asia and Africa, and ability of DNA-β to substitute for DNA-B, the probability may exist that new species/strains of begomoviruses emerge. Any effort towards developing resistance to disease, either by conventional or nonconventional means would be wise to take into account the possibility of more complex situation becoming important in chilies in the future.