نیل کے سنگ
قل سیرو فی الارض فانظرو کیف بداَالخلق ثمّ اللہ ینشی ئُ النشاۃ الاخرۃ ان اللہ علی کل شی ء قدیر
ترجمہ:
آپ فرما دیں زمین میں سفر کر کے دیکھو۔ اللہ کیوں کر پہلے بناتا ہے پھر اللہ دوسری اٹھان اٹھاتا ہے۔ بے شک اللہ ہر چیز پر قادر ہے
آج مسافر جس منزل کی جانب عازمِ سفر ہے وہ مصر کی سر زمین ہے ۔مصر کی جامعہ طنطا کے کلیہ فنون نے عصرِ حاضر کے ایک عفریت یعنی دہشت گردی سے بچائو اور تدارک کے لیے جب سماجی علوم اور ادب و لسانیات کے روشن میناروں اور منور دریچوں سے رائے مانگی اور اس پر مصاحبوں اور مکالموں کے لیے وادیٔ سینا کے صحت افزا مقام شرم الشیخ میں بیٹھک بٹھائی تو مسافر سے رہا نہ گیا اور رختِ سفر باندھا ۔
مصر جانے والے تمام راستوں کو اگر شاہراہِ بزرگ کہا جائے تو غلط نہ ہو گا ۔ہزار ہا سالوں سے ہزار ہا انسانوں نے اس سر زمین پر اپنے نقوشِ پا چھوڑے ،کشادہ جبیں اور روشن خیال راہروانِ شوق نے اس سر زمین کو نسلِ انسانی کے لیے منبع نور بنایا اور دلوں کو بینائی بخشی ۔بلاشبہ یہ ایک عام روش ہوتی تو پائے مال ہو تی مگر یہاں سبک سارانِ ساحل نے دھول دھول غبار کو ،فروغ ِ وادیٔ سینا کو تگ و تاز بخشی ۔
مسافر کو اس سفر اور وہاں ہو نے والے مصاحبوں اور مکالموں میں شرکت کی دعوت دکتورہ بسنت نے دی تھی ۔سماجی رابطے کی ویب سائٹ فیس بک پر ان سے مراسم قائم ہوئے زیادہ عرصہ نہیں گزرا تھا ۔فیس بک پر درج ان کی ذاتی معلومات اور لگی تصویر سے ان کی شخصیت...
The period of the rightly guided caliphate is the best role model after the time of the Prophet of Islām, Muḥammad (S. A. W). The rightly guided caliphs crafted the best honest governing mechanism. They understood their commitment with their Lord, Allāh, and the people. They took up the responsibility for providing for the basic needs of their people, like food, shelter, education, peace, stipends of children, married and unmarried persons, social security and justice, etc. The caliphs would appoint the tax collectors, governors and other government officials on the basis of merit: their honesty, qualifications, experience, physical fitness, etc. Further, they, at the time of their appointment, would advise their officials in an open gathering to better use their abilities, resources and powers for the welfare of the masses. Moreover, the government prepared a list of the assets and the properties of their government officials at the time of their appointments. It they found, later, significant increase in the assets, it was investigated and asked for an explanation. If the officials failed to justify the means of the increase in their assets, the additional assets and properties were confiscated by government. In this research study, the author highlights the measures adopted by the rightly guided Caliphs to ensure honest conduct of affairs by the appointed officials of the government.
Research was conducted on two important groups of nematodes plant parasitic nematodes (RKNs) and insect parasitic nematodes (entomopathogenic nematodes). Eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) are the most seriously affected by Meloidogyne incognita. Entomopathogenic nematodes i.e. Steinernema glaseri, S. asiaticum, Heterohabditis indica and H. bacteriophora were evaluated at different time of application against M. incognita for invasion, development and reproduction of M. incognita. In a life cycle study, S. asiaticum and H. bacteriophora were proved more effective in influencing the life cycle of RKNs at all application times than S. glaseri and H. indica. However application of entomopathogenic nematodes before application of M. incognita proved more effective than with and after the application of root knot nematodes. S. asiaticum and H. bacteriophora delayed penetration of nematode juveniles (J2) into roots of brinjal. Cells and toxins of and Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. proved nematoxic to M. incognita. Higher concentrations of bacterial cells suspensions and toxins were more effective in suppression of hatching of eggs and immobilization of juveniles than the lower concentrations. Percentage inhibition of eggs and juvenile’s immobilization of M. incognita increased with increase in concentration. At concentration of 4x10 7 cells/ml, Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. cell suspensions completely prevented egg hatching of M. incognita at 48 hrs exposure time. Bacterial cell suspensions and bacterial toxins equally inhibited egg hatching and immobilized juveniles. Bacterial cell suspensions and toxins of Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. caused more than 90% immobilization of juveniles. The persistence effectiveness of bacterial cell suspensions and toxins in soil were evaluated up to 7, 14 and 21 days against M. incognita and determined that Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. were effective in suppressing number of galls, number of females, egg masses and reproduction factors after 7 days of application followed by 14, 21 days of application. The efficacy of bacteria and toxins decreased in the soil over long period of time. These bacteria and their metabolites can be stored in vitro on room temperature up to the period of 5 months. Protective and curative effects of Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. and their toxins on root-knot nematodes were also studied on nematode development parameter, number of females and reproduction factors. All treatments proved effective as comparedto the control. Protective effect of Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. and their toxins at standard concentrations were more effective in controlling the number of females and reproduction factor of root knot nematodes than their curative effect. Compatibility and the combined action of bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp.) and toxins with bio-products (abamectin, emamectin and azadirachtin) against M. incognita were also evaluated. The results of the study showed that the combined use of bacterial cell suspensions and abamectin significantly reduced the population of M. incognita and have synergistic effect with each other.