Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Formulation Development and In/Vitro In/Vivo Evaluation of Transdermal Patches Containing Selected Analgestics

Formulation Development and In/Vitro In/Vivo Evaluation of Transdermal Patches Containing Selected Analgestics

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Muhammad Fakhruddin Aamir

Program

PhD

Institute

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

City

Bahawalpur

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmaceutics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10845/1/Muhammad%20Fakhruddin%20Aamir_Pharmaceutics_2011_IUB.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726230481

Similar


Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) exists for a long time such as creams, and ointments for topical ailments.Incorporating drugs in transdermal patch ismore recent application. Liquid reservoir system, solid reservoir/peripheral adhesive system or matrix (drug in adhesive) system may be used to deliver the drug through skin. In present work thirty six matrix type transdermal patch formulations of diclofenac sodium, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac diethylamine and flurbiprofen (nine each) were developed by using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC 4000 cps,), polyvinylpyrolidine (PVP K-30,) and ammonio methacrylate copolymer type A (Eudragit RL-100). Different skin permeation enhancers like isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate and tween 80 were incorporated in the formulations. The influence of various formulation variables, such as initial drug load and certain skin permeation enhancers on permeation characteristics of selected analgesics from the prepared formulations was studies through hairless abdominal rabbit skin by using the modified Franz diffusion cell. The permeation parameters were estimated by Chow method following the Fick’s law of diffusion. The penetration profiles of all formulations were influenced significantly (p <0.05) by the addition of enhancers in comparison to formulation controls (without enhancers) and commercially available product (market control). Among the enhancers studied, isopropyl myristate and isopropyl palmitate produced better results with high relative permeation ratio (14.61, 27.40) and enhancing factor (32, 7.83). All the formulations showed good stability and reproducibility. The prepared patch formulations resulted better permeability as compared to the controls with high apparent permeation rates (121.18 ± 34.37 µg.h-1 cm-2) and diffusion coefficients (8.68 ± 0.43 cm2/s × 10-4) with shorter lag times (1.0 ± 0.15 h). The diffusion coefficients were found independent of initial drug load for all formulations. Release profiles were evaluated by model-dependent approaches. The drug release from almost all formulations was best explained by zero order equation, as the plots showed highest linearity (r2 > 0.952), followed by Higuchi equation. The mechanism of drug release for most of formulations was super case II transport and in few, non-Fickian diffusion. The pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized formulations for each drug were determined from blood levels which revealed a profile typical of sustained release formulation having low elimination rate constants and high Mean Residence Time with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 h i.e. up to the next application. The higher steady-state flux, diffusion coefficient and permeability coefficient, as well as the decreased lag time of permeation ofdiclofenac sodium 5% with IPP, 5% diclofenac potassium with IPM, 5% diclofenac diethylamine with IPP and flurbiprofen 10% with IPM as compared to formulation control (without enhancer) and commercially available gel (market control) was obtained. The faster permeation of the drug as compared to the controls could be attributed to the incorporation of skin penetration enhancer. The pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that the optimized formulations exhibit typical sustained release phenomenon having low elimination rate constants and high MRT with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 h i.e. up to the next application. Therefore it is concluded that the incorporation of skin penetration enhancers like IPM and IPP are promising in developing matrix type patch formulation.
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

نیل کے سنگ

نیل کے سنگ

قل سیرو فی الارض فانظرو کیف بداَالخلق ثمّ اللہ ینشی ئُ النشاۃ الاخرۃ ان اللہ علی کل شی ء قدیر

ترجمہ:

 آپ فرما دیں زمین میں سفر کر کے دیکھو۔ اللہ کیوں کر پہلے بناتا ہے پھر اللہ دوسری اٹھان اٹھاتا ہے۔ بے شک اللہ ہر چیز پر قادر ہے

آج مسافر جس منزل کی جانب عازمِ سفر ہے وہ مصر کی سر زمین ہے ۔مصر کی جامعہ طنطا کے کلیہ فنون نے عصرِ حاضر کے ایک عفریت یعنی دہشت گردی سے بچائو اور تدارک کے لیے جب سماجی علوم اور ادب و لسانیات کے روشن میناروں اور منور دریچوں سے رائے مانگی اور اس پر مصاحبوں اور مکالموں کے لیے وادیٔ سینا کے صحت افزا مقام شرم الشیخ میں بیٹھک بٹھائی تو مسافر سے رہا نہ گیا اور رختِ سفر باندھا ۔

مصر جانے والے تمام راستوں کو اگر شاہراہِ بزرگ کہا جائے تو غلط نہ ہو گا ۔ہزار ہا سالوں سے ہزار ہا انسانوں نے اس سر زمین پر اپنے نقوشِ پا چھوڑے ،کشادہ جبیں اور روشن خیال راہروانِ شوق نے اس سر زمین کو نسلِ انسانی کے لیے منبع نور بنایا اور دلوں کو بینائی بخشی ۔بلاشبہ یہ ایک عام روش ہوتی تو پائے مال ہو تی مگر یہاں سبک سارانِ ساحل نے دھول دھول غبار کو ،فروغ ِ وادیٔ سینا کو تگ و تاز بخشی ۔

مسافر کو اس سفر اور وہاں ہو نے والے مصاحبوں اور مکالموں میں شرکت کی دعوت دکتورہ بسنت نے دی تھی ۔سماجی رابطے کی ویب سائٹ فیس بک پر ان سے مراسم قائم ہوئے زیادہ عرصہ نہیں گزرا تھا ۔فیس بک پر درج ان کی ذاتی معلومات اور لگی تصویر سے ان کی شخصیت...

سرکاری عہدید اران کی تقررری، نگرانی اور محاسبہ عہد خلفائے راشدین کے تناظر میں

The period of the rightly guided caliphate is the best role model after the time of the Prophet of Islām, Muḥammad (S. A. W). The rightly guided caliphs crafted the best honest governing mechanism. They understood their commitment with their Lord, Allāh, and the people. They took up the responsibility for providing for the basic needs of their people, like food, shelter, education, peace, stipends of children, married and unmarried persons, social security and justice, etc. The caliphs would appoint the tax collectors, governors and other government officials on the basis of merit: their honesty, qualifications, experience, physical fitness, etc. Further, they, at the time of their appointment, would advise their officials in an open gathering to better use their abilities, resources and powers for the welfare of the masses. Moreover, the government prepared a list of the assets and the properties of their government officials at the time of their appointments. It they found, later, significant increase in the assets, it was investigated and asked for an explanation. If the officials failed to justify the means of the increase in their assets, the additional assets and properties were confiscated by government. In this research study, the author highlights the measures adopted by the rightly guided Caliphs to ensure honest conduct of affairs by the appointed officials of the government.

Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Their Associated Bacteria and Toxins on the Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Brinjal

Research was conducted on two important groups of nematodes plant parasitic nematodes (RKNs) and insect parasitic nematodes (entomopathogenic nematodes). Eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) are the most seriously affected by Meloidogyne incognita. Entomopathogenic nematodes i.e. Steinernema glaseri, S. asiaticum, Heterohabditis indica and H. bacteriophora were evaluated at different time of application against M. incognita for invasion, development and reproduction of M. incognita. In a life cycle study, S. asiaticum and H. bacteriophora were proved more effective in influencing the life cycle of RKNs at all application times than S. glaseri and H. indica. However application of entomopathogenic nematodes before application of M. incognita proved more effective than with and after the application of root knot nematodes. S. asiaticum and H. bacteriophora delayed penetration of nematode juveniles (J2) into roots of brinjal. Cells and toxins of and Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. proved nematoxic to M. incognita. Higher concentrations of bacterial cells suspensions and toxins were more effective in suppression of hatching of eggs and immobilization of juveniles than the lower concentrations. Percentage inhibition of eggs and juvenile’s immobilization of M. incognita increased with increase in concentration. At concentration of 4x10 7 cells/ml, Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. cell suspensions completely prevented egg hatching of M. incognita at 48 hrs exposure time. Bacterial cell suspensions and bacterial toxins equally inhibited egg hatching and immobilized juveniles. Bacterial cell suspensions and toxins of Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. caused more than 90% immobilization of juveniles. The persistence effectiveness of bacterial cell suspensions and toxins in soil were evaluated up to 7, 14 and 21 days against M. incognita and determined that Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. were effective in suppressing number of galls, number of females, egg masses and reproduction factors after 7 days of application followed by 14, 21 days of application. The efficacy of bacteria and toxins decreased in the soil over long period of time. These bacteria and their metabolites can be stored in vitro on room temperature up to the period of 5 months. Protective and curative effects of Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. and their toxins on root-knot nematodes were also studied on nematode development parameter, number of females and reproduction factors. All treatments proved effective as comparedto the control. Protective effect of Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. and their toxins at standard concentrations were more effective in controlling the number of females and reproduction factor of root knot nematodes than their curative effect. Compatibility and the combined action of bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp.) and toxins with bio-products (abamectin, emamectin and azadirachtin) against M. incognita were also evaluated. The results of the study showed that the combined use of bacterial cell suspensions and abamectin significantly reduced the population of M. incognita and have synergistic effect with each other.