Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Formulation Development and In-Vitro, In-Vivo Evaluation of Fast Dispersible Tablets of Prokinetic Agents Domperidone and Itopride Hcl

Formulation Development and In-Vitro, In-Vivo Evaluation of Fast Dispersible Tablets of Prokinetic Agents Domperidone and Itopride Hcl

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Khan, Amjad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2496/1/3055S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726231240

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


Oral drug delivery system is the most preferred route of drug administration due to ease of administration; handling, longer shelf-life compared with the other dosage form and cost effectiveness. The drug release from the Fast Dispersible Tablets is rapid compared with the conventional tablets. These tablets can be grouped as; I) Orally Disintegrating Tablets 2) Effervescent Tablets. Prokinetic drugs enhance gastric emptying, prevent reflux of gastric content and relieve the symptoms of dyspepsia. Prokinetic drugs are commonly used for treatment of various GIT diseases like Gastro Esophageal Relux Disease, Functional Dyspepsia and Diabetic Gastroparisis and for control of emesis of varyying etiology. Prokinetic drugs have motility enhancing effect on upper part of GIT, whereas no clinically significant effects on motility of large intestine have been reported. While taking prokinetic drugs, dose of drugs with inhibitory effects on GIT motility should be reduced without increasing dose of prokinetic drugs as higher doses bear the risk of iatrogenic inhibition of gastric motility. In the present study, Orally Disintegrating Tablets and Effervescent Tablets of Domperidone and Itopride HCl, prokinetic drugs, were formulated and evaluated. The project was accompolished in three steps; i. Pre formulation studies ii. Development of formulations iii. Evaluation of the formulations. Pre formulation studies included drug excipients compatibility study, characterization of drug and excipients as per SeDeM and SeDeM-ODT experts system and development of method of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC methods analysis for Domperidone and Itopride HCl. Binary mixture approach was applied for drug excipients compatibility study using 1g of each material. Samples were prepared in 1:1 with and without moisture and subjected to stress conditions (75 ± 5% R.H and 45 ± 2 o C) for 90 days. Each sample was evaluated for drug content (using HPLC method of analysis), physical state and FTIR spectra. Suitability of the both APIs and excipients for preparation of fast dispersible tablets by direct compression was determined on the basis of SeDeM/SeDeM-ODT profile. Basic parameters were determined for each powder according to the official and reported methods. Experimental values were converted to “r” values by applying specific factors and Index of Good Compressibility and Bucco dispersibility (IGCB) was calculated according to SeDeM-ODT experts system. Two types of methods analysis (UV Visible Spectrophotometric method and HPLC method) were developed and validated for each drug. HPLC method of analysis was developed for simultaneous determination of domperidone and itopride HCl using water and acetonitrile (65:35) as mobile phase. pH of the water was adjusted to 3.00 with O-phosphoric acid and Tenofavir was used as internal standard. The taste of Itopride HCl is bitter and prior to formulation as Fast Dispersible Tablets taste of the drug was masked using different excipients (Eudragit, HPMC, PVP, PEG and Cetostearyl alcohol). Taste masking was carried out by granulation technique, solid dispersion technique and micro encapsulation technique. Orally disintegrating tablets were prepared by direct compression by using super disintegrants and sublimation method. Cross carmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate were used as disintegrant alone and in combination with starch maize. Menthol and ammonium bicarbonate were used in different concentrations as sublimating agents and heat was applied for sublimation. ODTs of domperidone were compressed on 10.00 mm oval shallow concave punches by adjusting the compression weight to 200 mg. Taste masked ODTs of itoprideHCl were compressed on 10.50 mm round shallow concave punches (compression weight was 350 mg). Effervescent tablets of both drugs (Domperidone and Itopride HCl) were compressed on 13.00 mm round flat punches under compression weight of 650 mg. Prior to compression bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner ratio, angle of repose and flow ability of powder blends for all the formulations were evaluated. Tablets were subjected to in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. In-vitro evaluation included determination of the physical characteristics; mechanical strength, disintegration behavior and in-vitro drug release. In-vivo evaluation comprised of preclinical evaluation (pharmacokinetic evaluation) and clinical evaluation. The in-vivo drug release and pharmacokinetics were studied in healthy male rabbits and clinical evaluation was carried out in patients taking anti cancer chemotherapy. Clinical evaluation was carried out in the hospital under the supervision of the physician following the approval from the Health Regulatory Authorities and Hospital Ethical Committee. UV visible spectrophotometric method of analysis was accurate and specific for both drugs (Domperidone and Itopride HCl). Methods of analysis were quiet linear for both drugs, having R 2 values of 0.998 for domperidone and 0.999 for itopride HCl. Regression equations were 0.039 x + 0.051 and 0.068 x + 0.0168 for domperidone and itopride HCl, respectively. HPLC-UV method of analysis for simultaneous determination of domperidone and itopride HCl using tinofavir as internal standard was developed and validated. The method had LLOQ values of 10 ng/ml and 15 ng/ml for domperidone and itopride HCl, respectively. The method was applied for drug excipients compatibility study and in-vivo analysis of both drugs. The excipients intended to be used in formulation of Fast Dispersible Tablets were found compatible with both drugs. Drug content, physical consistency and FTIR spectra of all the samples remained un-affected by exposure to stress conditions (45 ± 5 o C and 75 ± 5% R.H) for 90 days. On the basis of SeDeM experts system, both the APIs were found deficient in most of parameters required for direct compression. Taste masking of itopride HCl improved most of the parameters, making it suitable for direct compression. Microcrystalline cellulose and Tablettose- 80 were used as diluents in combination. In combination both the excipients resulted in a diluents system with all the characteristics required for direct compression. Itopride HCl is a bitter tasting drug with taste threshold of 80μg/ml. Different excipients and methods were used for the taste masking of the itopride HCl, however the best results were obtained using HPMC processed by granulation technique. Drug release was retarded below its taste threshold in 1:3 (drug to polymer ratio). Granulation technique was rapid and simple technique of taste masking without any advanced machinery involvement. At pre-compression level, all formulations exhibited good rheological characteristics; the angle of repose, flow ability, Hausner ratio and Carr’s index were found within the range of better flow for all the formulations. Orally disintegrating tablets with better mechanical strength and rapid disintegration were obtained by sublimation technique and using super disintegrants. Compared with the sublimation technique, mechanical strength of the tablets prepared using super disintegrants was higher. Higher peak plasma concentration was achieved with both types of Fast Dispersible Tablets (ODTs and Effervescent Tablets) in rabbits compared to conventional tablets. Rate of absorption was higher with both the fast dispersible tablets as T max was achieved very quickly. The clinical evaluation showed the effective control of the emesis by ODTs in patients undergoing chemotherapy compared with the conventional tablets and better patient compliance. Almost all the patients enrolled in the study preferred to take ODTs in comparison with the conventional tablets due to ease of administration, better taste and mouth feel. The present studies showed the good mechanical strength and drug release behavior of the ODTs. The in-vivo drug release and pharmacokinetic data in the rabbits also support the appropriate drug release from the ODTs. The better patient’s compliance and control of the emesis by the ODTs compared with the conventional tablets showed that the ODTs can play an effective role in the control of emesis." xml:lang="en_US
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

خواجہ عشرت لکھنوی

خواجہ عشرت لکھنوی
افسوس ہے ہماری بزم ادب وشعر طرزقدیم کے اساتذہ شعروسخن سے خالی ہوتی جارہی ہے اورجویہاں سے جاتاہے اپناقائم مقام چھوڑ کرنہیں جاتا۔چند مہینے ہوئے خواجہ عشرت لکھنوی جوبیگماتی اورٹکسالی زبان لکھنے میں اپنی دوایک ہی نظیریں رکھتے تھے، داغ مفارقت دے گئے تھے کہ اب اردو کے ایک مشہور استاد سخن حضرت احسنؔ مارہروی کے انتقال پرمُلال کی خبر آئی ہے۔

 

An Analysis of Islamic Economic Model

The aim of this paper is to discuss some economic Islamic models given by some prestigious Islamic economists. The Islamic model is one of the examples for international economies in the starting of new millennium. It has its evaluation in the 1970s as an alternate to conventional banking system. The model is based on profit loss sharing and would not be based on interest. The study will focus on the proposed model and will discuss the issues that the model will be supposed to address. It was also address whether the model is applicable to Pakistan economy or not it will also be discussed. As we know that there is dual banking system in Pakistan. In order to make banking system to be truly Islam, there should be legal prohibition of riba. In other words, riba should be made unlawful and whoever deals with it can be prosecuted by law. By prohibiting riba, it will force the bank to be more creative in offering financing products rather than just loaning money. The study will attempt to show the comparison between conventional system and Islamic financial and discusses whether the Islamic system works smoothly on the economy of Pakistan. It also shows that Pakistan should change its dual banking system in Islamic banking system to change structure change. In addition, Islamic financing contract require real activities to be created. There will not be loans to finance extravagance lifestyle which is the source of bankruptcies among the younger generation. It is strongly recommended that Pakistan should enforce truly Islamic financial system to sustain its economy and avoid another economic crisis in the future.

Synthesis and Characterization of Biopolymer/Ha Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

The idea of starting this research project was to elucidate the development procedure of a novel biocompatible nano composite that is directly linked to the properties of natural bone in terms of its composition, morphology, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. These nanocomposites are composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and whitlockite (WH) nanoparticles embedded in polymeric matrix and hydrogels.The fabrication procedures used are of common use including pre-treatment of nanoparticles and embedding into biopolymers such as Cyclic olefenic copolymer and CollagenPEGDMA hybrid matrix where effect of different loading ratios of HA nanoparticles and WH nanoparticles was investigated.Nano powders of HA were chemically synthesized under various processing conditions using surfactants with different charges and chain lengths such as CTAB (cationic) and SDS (anionic) surfactants were used in the synthesis procedures for regulating the nucleation and growth of the hydroxyapatite phase. The synthesis methods, mainly based on aqueous systems were used which are simple and can offer accurate control on the nano powders of various size and morphologies. The effect of different weight ratios ofHA nanoparticles and WH was evaluated after successful fabrication of nanocomposites by dispersing these nanoparticles in polymeric matrices. TOPAS/HA, TOPAS/WH and Collagen-PEGDMA/HA nanocomposites were successfully prepared and further characterized. Solution casting procedure was used to construct these nano composites. Effect of various weight ratios was investigated on physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the nano composites. These nano composites were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Compression testing, Biocompatibility testing including cell culture of bone/cartilage cell lines, antibacterial test, biodegradability, and swelling characteristics. The morphology of nanocomposites has been investigated using Scanning electron microscopy and Atomic force microscopy. Compression testingwas performed on all type of nanocomposites to evaluate and optimize the mechanical strength. Cell culture wasperformedto evaluate thebiocompatibility ofthese nanocomposites onbone cell lines in case of TOPAS/HA and TOPAS/WH while cartilage cell lines were used in the case of COl-PGD/HA nanocomposites. Swelling and degradation characteristics were also evaluated. It was revealed from this study thet the compressive strengths of nano compositescan be enhancedwith the addition of nanoparticlesand optimized to make values comparable with the compressive strength of natural bone and cartilage tissues. In case of TOPAS/HA the increased values are185 % from 0.26 to 0.74 MPa at the concentration of 10 wt%.Whearas in case of PGD-16/HA, up to 10 wt%, strength is enhanced ~ 90 % from 9 to 17.3 kPa.In case of TOPAS/WH increase of 0.2MPa to 1.7MPa in strength at lower concentration of WH upto 10wt%has been experimented. The biocompatibility data of cell viability on the whole, is above 90% in all nanocomposites and the values are even higher than95%.In TOPAS/HA (10 wt%) exhibits the highest trend for cell viability of 99.9 ± , while in case of PGD-16/HA (10 wt%) the cell viability of hybrid composites is 100 % as comparedto the TCP control group while the cell viability values are around 95-100% in case of TOPAS/WH (10wt%). These results make these nanocomposites suitable for biomedical applications.