The purpose of the research was: (a) to prepare controlled release microcapsules by spray drying technique, (b) to characterize the properties of these microcapsules, (c) to perform in-vivo bioequivalence studies of developed microcapsules with marketed formulation, (d) to formulate and evaluate microparticles by modified emulsion solvent evaporation (MESE) technique and finally (e) to develop in-vitro in-vivo correlation for the microparticulate batches with differing release rate characteristics of a potent analgesic drug, Lornoxicam. The study successfully achieved microencapsulation of Lornoxicam by spray drying using blend of Eudragit L100 and HPMC 15cps. Spray drying technique is getting more and more attention in pharmaceutical industry due to its numerous advantages. The microparticles obtained were studied for particle size, morphology, drug loading, incorporation efficiency and in-vitro release. The process involved the mixing of ethanol and acetone with polymers to achieve uniform dispersion. The dissolution of microparticles was undertaken in pH 1.2 (first 2 h) and pH 6.8 (for 22 h). FTIR and DSC studies did not reveal considerable incompatibilities in the spectra of drug loaded microparticles as compared to pure drug. The microparticles were ellipsoidal in shape with surface morphology clearly showing presence of drug particles. The incorporation efficiency increased from 56.48% ± 2.21 to 83.04% ± 1.22 with the increase in the polymer contents. Percent loading was in the range of 20.75% ± 0.2 to 32.75% ± 0.2 and was independent of contents of polymer blend. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in release rate of drug was observed by increasing polymer contents from prepared microcapsule batches without affecting extent of release. Typical sustained release pattern occurred at drug: copolymer ratio of 1:3. Results of kinetic models showed pattern of release data to be best fitted to Peppas and first order using DD solver. The „n‟ value ranged from 0.201 to 0.718, indicating drug release both by diffusion and anomalous mechanisms. To perform in-vivo bioequivalence studies, development of a precise and accurate reverse phase HPLC method was carried out for quantitation of Lornoxicam in human plasma. Subsequently, validation parameters were studied for confirming its reproducibility. Separation of analytes was achieved on Eclipse C-18 column (150×4.6mm, 5µm). The mobile phase consisted of combination of phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 v/v and UV detection was set at 376 nm. The linearity, selectivity, accuracy, precision and stability studies were included in the validation studies. Piroxicam was incorporated as internal standard. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.1 µg/ml and 0.3 µg/ml, respectively. Acceptable level of linearity was studied over the range of 0.5-5µg/ml. However, three spiked concentrations (2, 3 and 4 µg/ml) were taken for accuracy and precision studies. The accuracy of Lornoxicam in human plasma was 89.63-100.4 %. After successful quantitation of Lornoxicam in human plasma, the study was aimed at comparing pharmacokinetics of newly formulated controlled release (CR) microparticles with branded immediate release (IR) tablet formulation of Lornoxicam. An open-label, two-period, randomized crossover study was conducted on 24 adult Pakistani male volunteers. After randomization, entitle subjects received single dose of Lornoxicam CR 16 mg capsule (test) and two doses (morning & evening) of Lornoxicam IR 8mg tablets (reference). Administration of formulations was repeated in alternate manner after a washout period of one week. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were measured by Kinetica 5.0 using plasma concentration-time data. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 12.8% lower for CR formulation when compared to IR formulation (270.9 ng/mL vs 339.44 ng/mL, respectively), time taken to attain Cmax (tmax) was 5.25 h versus 2.08 h respectively. Area under the time concentration (AUC) values for both CR and IR formulations were found comparable. The 90% CIs for the ln-transformed ratios of Cmax, AUC0-24, and AUC0-¥ were 87.21%, 108.51%, and 102.74%, respectively and were within pre-defined bioequivalence range (80%-125%). The findings suggested that CR formulation of Lornoxicam did not change the overall pharmacokinetic properties of Lornoxicam in terms of rate and extent of absorption. Both formulations demonstrated good tolerability in enrolled subjects. In the continuation of this research work, the potential of modified emulsion solvent evaporation method (MESE) was effectively utilized to formulate microparticles of Lornoxicam using Eudragit RS 100 and HPMC either alone or in combination. The resulting multiparticulate system was studied for micromeritic properties and drug loading. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to characterize morphology and compatibility. In-vitro drug release was studied by pH change method i.e 0.1 N HCl as dissolution medium for first 2 hours and in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 for 22 hours. The microparticles obtained were yellowish in colour and had good flow properties. In this case, encapsulation efficiencies ranged from 70.52% ± 1.65 to 89.04% ± 1.26. The drug polymer compatibility studies confirmed the stable nature of Lornoxicam in the prepared microspheres. SEM findings showed that the microparticles were round to oval in shape. Dissolution studies showed sustained in-vitro drug release determined by increasing contents of Eudragit RS 100. Highest retardation in drug release occurred at co-polymer ratio of 1:3 in which amount of drug maximally released was 72.92% ± 3.29. The mechanism of drug release was governed by diffusion and anomalous mechanisms as depicted by „n‟ value which varied from 0.331 to 0.595. Of the six microparticulate batches of Lornoxicam fabricated by modified emulsion solvent evaporation method, in-vitro-in-vivo (IVIVC) characterization of four different sustained-release Lornoxicam tabletted microparticles (BF-1, BF-2, BF-4 and BF-6) and control immediate release tablet (Xika Rapid®8 mg, Hilton Pharma) was performed. In vitro characterization included dissolution study, SEM analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. As previously described, a validated method developed by HPLC procedure was used to analyze the results of bioavailability studies conducted on twenty healthy volunteers. After that, level A in vitro-in vivo correlation developed between the percent drug dissolved (in vitro) and the percent drug absorbed (in vivo) data of optimized formulations showed good linear correlation values (R2 = 0.953, 0.9321, 0.9896 for BF4, BF6 and control formulations, respectively) at specific time points. However, BF4 is comparatively closer to the control formulation that shows a reliable prediction of the plasma concentrations obtained following a single dose of lornoxicam controlled release formulation
سید رشید رضا مِصری افسوس ہے کہ ۲۲؍ اگست ۱۹۳۵ء (جمادی الاولیٰ ۱۳۵۴ھ) کو مصر بلکہ دنیائے اسلام کے سب سے بڑے عالم علامہ سید رشید صاحب المنار نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، یہ مفتی عبدہ مرحوم کے سب سے ممتاز شاگرد اور سید جمال الدین افغانی کے فیوض و برکات سے بیک واسطہ مستفید تھے، شام وطن تھا، لیکن سلطان عبدالمجید خان کی داروگیر سے گھبرا کر چلے آئے تھے اور آخر یہیں کے ہوکر رہ گئے، عمر اس وقت ستر۷۰ سے کم نہ ہوگی، پھر بھی ان کی جسمانی قوت اور کام کی طاقت بہت اچھی تھی، اسلام کے اصلاحی مسائل ان کی تصانیف کا خاص موضوع تھا، المنار جس کی اشاعت دنیائے اسلام کے گوشہ گوشہ میں تھی، ان کی اڈیٹری میں نکلتا تھا، بلکہ یہ کہنا چاہئے کہ پورا رسالہ انہیں کے قلم کا مرہون ہوتا تھا، ان کی سب سے اہم تصنیف تفسیرالمنار تھی، جو افسوس کہ ان کی وفات سے ناتمام رہ گئی، یہ تفسیر زمانۂ حال کی ضرورتوں کو سامنے رکھ کر لکھ رہے تھے۔ وہ عقیدہ میں سلف کے پیرو اور فقہ میں غیر مقلد تھے، ان کی انشاء پردازی قدیم و جدید دونوں خوبیوں کولئے ہوئی تھی، فقہ، تفسیر اور حدیث میں یدِطولیٰ رکھتے تھے، ان کی آخری تصنیف ’’الرمی المحمدی‘‘ ہے، جس کا ہندوستانی ترجمہ کلکتہ سے شائع ہوچکا ہے، قدیم و جدید خیالات کی تطبیق ان کی ہر تحریر میں ہوتی تھی اور وہ اسی کے اس زمانہ میں اسلام کے لئے مفید خدمت سمجھتے تھے۔ اس زمانے میں جب ایسے روشن خیال و روشن ضمیر علماء جو ایک طرف متقی و پرہیزگار اور دوسری طرف زمانۂ حال کی ضرورتوں سے باخبر ہوں، انگلیوں پر گنے جاسکتے ہیں، سید رشید رضا کا ہمارے درمیان سے اٹھ جانا آج اسلام کا سب سے بڑا حادثہ...
A review and comparative analysis of the intellectual pursuit, methods, approaches and publications of Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim In his compilations of hadith, Imam Bukhari was considerate of the view point (or school of thought) of his prior narrators/authors of hadith collections and in doing so, he validated and embellished their (past narrators) publications. Similarly, narrators after Imam Bukhari benefited from his intellectual vigour, as evident in the work of Imam Muslim, who as Imam Bukhari’s student profited from his work, and compiled a treasure of validated hadiths. This body of work had deep influence on the contemporary and upcoming authors and collectors of hadith, as a source of religious knowledge. Since, Imam Muslim didn’t/couldn’t perform the compilation/ Codification / arrangement of his collected hadith, which was later on performed by Imam Novi, who was intellectually and academically influenced by the Imam Bukhari’s publications – hence, a great deal of semblance is evident in both the authors (Imam Bukhari and Muslim) publications. This is especially visible in certain aspects such as prescribing translation chapters (tarjumatul-baab) with the Quranic verses and hadith scripts. Similarly, Codification chapters for explanatory (questioning) notions is also common method practiced in both the author’s work. However, on the other hand, the publication of both the author’s differ in certain dimensions as well. For example, Imam Bukhari’s publications incorporates a complexity of thought, legalistic determination (Fiqh) and collective scholarly wisdom (ijtihad). Whereas, Imam Muslim’s work pursues a relatively simplistic and comprehensible format. In this article, we seek to review and present a comparative analysis of the intellectual pursuit, approach and publications of both the aforementioned authors.
Khushal Khan Khattak passed away about three hundred and fifty years ago (1613–1688). He was a genius, a linguist, a man of foresight, a man of faith in Al- Mighty God, a man of peace and unity, a man of justice and equality, a man of love and humanity, and a man of wisdom and knowledge. He was a multidimensional person known to the world as moralist, a wise chieftain, a great religious scholar, a thinker and an ideal leader of the Pushtoons. He was equipped with countless qualities as wisdom, honour, bravery, kindness, generosity, and self-respect. Moreover, he was a skillful man and wanted his individual to be skillful in various fields of life and be the owner of these qualities. He wants to build the moral character of his individual through the teachings of Islam. He himself was a practical and a devoted Muslim; therefore, he wanted that all individuals should develop love with Islamic injunctions. This versatile genius desired such education system, which should inculcate Qur’anic morals and high human values in social lives of students and of common human beings. He wanted to lay the foundation of a sound, healthy, and a moral society so that a welfare state may come into being. He was anxious to bring positive change in the behaviour of the people through his teachings, the real aim and objective of education. A meaningful and purposeful education should meet this aim. He emphasized that individuals should live a productive life. This is something which has been desired in our national education policies over the years. According to Imam Ghazali the aim of education is character building and personality development. He advocates the need of moral education both in theory and practice. This is the dominant theme of Khushal’s philosophy and he struggled to realize the same objective in his life. His educational philosophy also matches with holisitic / wholistic type of education, which is concerned with educating the whole person i.e. body, mind, soul, and spirit so that the individual may actualize his / her full potentials. Khushal is the staunch advocate of the same type of education as well. In the following chapters his approach toward education is discussed in detail. We will be well advised to examine & follow his recommendations in the reconstruction of our system of education. The Life of Khushal Khan Khattak: Chapter I attempt is made to present in brief Khushal’s early life & education, his origin, family background, his conflict with Mughal emperor and his imprisonment, his release from prison and life after imprisonment, His educational thoughts and his contributions to Pushto literature, Khushal and Iqbal''s Educational Philosophy, Chapter II is focusing on various definitions of educations. Before this discussion aims and objectives of various educational commissions and policies have also been given. Types of education, i.e. formal, informal, wholistic / holistic education have been discussed. Then Khushal''s and Iqbal''s philosophies and approaches with the instances of their poetry and prose have been given. Khushal''s Concept of Khudi: In Chapter III we have discussed Khushal’s concept of Khudi. Khudi is also one of the central and foundational terms in Iqbal''s poetry. A comparative account of these two great thinkers especially on the concept of Khudi is offered in this chapter. We have examined as to how khushal Khan has taken this word? What does he mean by it? And why he teaches it to his individual? Such queries are addressed in this chapter. Khushal''s Concept of Sovereignty: Chapter IV this chapter is devoted to Khushal''s concept of sovereignty. Here we have mainly focused on Khushal’s famous work: Dastar Nama. This book was written in the prison when Khushal was a prison in the fort of Rathanboor. In this chapter Al-Ghazali''s, Maulana Maududi’s and Qur''anic concept of sovereignty are also discussed. Here one can see as to what type of education Khushal recommends for his ideal sovereign / leader / ruler. Khushal''s Concept of Wisdom: In Chapter V wisdom, in the sense of intelligence and knowledge has been defined. Then it wisdom per se is also examined. Khushal''s concept of wisdom almost covers all it’s meaning In this chapter we shall see as to who qualifies as Dana, Aqalmand, Hukhiyar in Khushal’s view and whom he considers stupid, (Ahmaq, Nadan, Kam Aql, and Bay Waqoof). Khushal as interpreter of Islam: Chapter VI deals with Khushal’s scholastic approach towards Islam and his attachment with Islamic injunctions. He educates and recommends his individuals to know thy [their] Lord. For this purpose he stresses that first one should know oneself. If one succeeds in it, surely he will know his Lord. Its impact will ultimately be fell on the society .He desires a welfare Islamic society, in which each one helps and takes care of others. In order to realize this purpose, he teaches the youth higher human values in the light of Qur’an and Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH). Khushal’s Moral Education: In Chapter VII Khushal’s moral education is discussed. Khushal is keen to build the morals of his individuals according to the teachings of the Qur’an and Sunnah. Aims and objectives of secular education and the objectives of Islamic education are also examined in brief in the chapter. Khushal as a preacher of peace and Proponent of perpetual struggle: In Chapter VIII we have tried to examine Khushal’s Philosophy of War and Peace. A general impression about Khushal Khan Khattak is that he was a warrior. No doubt, he was, but for what purpose he fought these wars? This chapter deals with such kinds of causes. Our contention is that he was a great preacher of Peace. He restored to war as a last resort & its purpose was the establishment of peace. His concept of peace was developed through the deep study of the Qur’an and Sunnah. He suggests different kinds of punishments for the violent groups and praises each step which should be taken for the purpose of peace. In the last portion the impact of wars and violence on the society has been discussed. Khushal’s Concept of Ideal Man: Chapter IX is devoted to Khushal’s concept of an Ideal Man. This is the last chapter of our study. It deals with all those attributes that Khushal wants to see in his ideal man. He wants that individuals should inculcate Godly attributes in themselves. He admires such attributes, which should present a picture of Tukhalliqu-bi-akhlaqillah. To him strenuous efforts, die-hard, strife for the establishment of peace and justice loving care & compassion for others are the ingredients for ideal man. These qualities he found in Hawk and Eagle, this is why he stresses his ideal man to be a Baz and Shabaz, thus its qualities of honour and self-respect will infuse in you and you will become khushal’s Nagyal.