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Formulation Development of Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System for Milnacipran Hcl Using Design of Experiment Approach

Thesis Info

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Author

Hussain, Talib

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmacy

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10241/1/Talib%20Hussain_Pharmacy_2019_UoPunjab_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726233159

Similar


Milnacipran HCl is a potential candidate to treat fibromyalgia associated with or without depression like comorbid conditions. The requirements of multiple dosing, absorption in first part of small intestine and fluctuating steady state plasma concentrations of drug have made it a suitable candidate for gastro-retentive sustained release drug delivery system. The utility of chitosan as mucoadhesive and polycaprolactone as hydrophobic polymer was aimed for creation of this matrix delivery system. Modified hot melt granulation with addition of second polymeric solution was opted for preparing optimized blends of acetaminophen. Modified wet granulation technique was utilized to prepare blends of milnacipran with different ratios of polymers. The optimized solutions for formulations containing blends of three polymers and drug with two solvents, i.e., dichloromethane and chloroform was optimized using design of experiment. A simple and sensitive colorimetric method for estimation of milnacipran was developed with ninhydrin to properly estimate drug from dissolution samples at 570 nm wavelength. The optimized blends were characterized for mucoadhesive time and strength using tensiometer, drug release analysis opting HCl buffer pH 1.2 for 12 h, kinetics of drug release and drug excipient compatibility analysis by utilizing FTIR and DSC. The optimized formulations M21-M24 were compared against reference formulation specifications for similarity index (f1 and f2). The optimized formulations were also scaled down containing 30 mg of drug according to weight of animals and were characterized for release parameters, i.e., the time to release certain percentage of drug (T10%-T90%). Different pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated for M44 formulation using both non-compartment and two compartment model approaches. The best correlation (R2) values of 1 were observed with non-compartment model so parameters calculated were used to establish in-vitro in-vivo II correlation after estimating fractions of milnacipran absorbed/unabsorbed and time to absorb specific concentration of milnacipran using Wagner-Nelson method. The developed analytical method proved sensitive and precise with LOD and LOQ values of 0.55 and 1.667 μg/ml, respectively. Mucoadhesive strength was found as 201.06±16.8 dynes for different formulations with more than 12 h of adhesion time. Drug release studies showed release independent of concentration and was best described by Korsmeyer-Peppas model representing swelling controlled system. The n values of 0.5-0.7 showed dependency of release on both dissolution and diffusion mechanism. There were only physical interactions observed at various positions of IR spectrum with functional groups of polymers and drug were found intact. Thermal studies revealed that milnacipran has sharp melting point of 179.85℃ which was lowered to round about 154.30℃ due to covalent and ionic interactions required to form true blend with polymers. M24 formulation proved best on similarity parameters, i.e., f1=6.09, and f2=72.46, representing true similarity. Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-∞ calculated for M54 were markedly found different from oral solution (P˂0.05) proving sustained delivery of milnacipran from the formulation blends. Bioavailability of M54 formulation was three fold improved as compared to solution. Level A correlation was established by comparing the above parameters and found R2 were 0.992, 0.9831 and 0.9998. The above results proved that milnacipran might be formulated as mucoadhesive DDS using three polymers opting design of experiment approach and evidenced best on IVIVC. III
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ٹریفک کے قوانین

ٹریفک قوانین
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معززصدرو میرے ہم مکتب سا تھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پرلب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’ٹریفک قوانین‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
قانون، اصول، ضابطہ جیسے الفاظ کا تصور جب دماغ کے در پچوں کو دستک دیتا ہے تو تہذیب وتمدن ، اورمنظم قوم کی ایک تصویر بھی دماغ کے خانوں میں ابھرتی ہوئی محسوس ہوتی ہے، اور اُجلا پن جگہ جگہ دکھائی دینا شروع ہو جا تا ہے۔ کائنات رنگ و بو میں ہر شے کا اپنا اپناضابطہ ہے۔ نظام ِشمسی ہو، نظامِ فلکی ہو ،نظامِ ارضی و سماوی ہو، جملہ نظام ہائے حیات قوانین کے دائرے میں متحرک نظر آتے ہیں۔ کچھ قوانین ایسے ہوتے ہیں جن کو انسان اپنی بقاء کے لیے بناتے ہیں، انہی قوانین میں ٹریفک کے قوانین بھی ہیں۔
صد رِمحترم!
زمین پر حشرات الارض کو دیکھیں تو ان کی اجتماعی حرکت ایک قطار میں نظر آئے گی۔ آسمان کی بلندیوں پرمحوپرواز طائران خوش الحان کی زندگی کا مشاہدہ کریں تو ان کی پرواز بھی کسی قانون اور ضابطے کے تحت ہوگی۔ حدی خواں کے اونٹوں کی قطاریں، بلبل کی چہک، پھول کی مہک ، جگنو کی چمک، ستاروں کی دمک ، سورج کی روشنی، چاند کی چاندنی ، فضاؤں کی سرسراہٹ ، آبشاروں کی گڑگڑاہٹ ، سمندر کا سکوت، دریا کا شور، صبح سہانی ، ندیوں کی روانی یہ جملہ مظاہرِ فطرت کسی نہ کسی ضابطے کے تحت سرگرم عمل ہیں۔
معززصدر!
قوانین انسان کی فلاح کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں، انسان کی ترقی مقصود ہوتی ہے، انسان کی زندگی میں حسن پیدا کرنا ہوتا ہے، انسان کونشست و برخاست کا ڈھنگ سکھانا ہوتا ہے، انسان کی گفتار میں شائستگی پیدا کرنا ہوتی ہے۔ انسان کی رفتار میں اعتدال پیدا...

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As well as per Shariah, it is admissible and some of the time even mandatory to save the devotees from the activities that might lead them towards the prohibited exercises. Consequently, the decision of denial from these kinds of exercises is called Sadd-e-Zaree'a. This is the guideline derived from the Quran and Sunnah. As Almighty Allah prohibited the devotees to say 'Raina' because this word was utilized by Jews purposely in an off-base way with underhanded aims, while, Muslims introduced their solicitations by this equivalent word in the most elevated court of The Holy Prophet (harmony and gifts arrive) for looking for effortlessness and unwinding in their concerned issues. As in Quran: O People who Believe, don't tell (the Prophet Mohammed-harmony and gifts arrive), "Raina (Be accommodating towards us)" however say, "Unzurna (Look leniently upon us)", and listen mindfully in any case. [Baqarah 2:104]. (To disregard the Holy Prophet - harmony and endowments arrive - is impiety.) Ibn Hazm in his famous book Al-Aḥkām Fī ūṣūl Al-Aḥkām has objected to the mentioned verse from which jurists have taken the argument of Sadd-e-Zaree'a. Because the Zahiri school of thought is based on the appearance of the text (Quran o Hadees). This is why Ibn Hazm Zahiri denies it (the source of Shariah), and proves that accepting the source of Shariah is an increase in religion which is in itself illegitimate as well as the opposition of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). There is also the addition of items by their thoughts in Shariah. In the above article, an analytical study of the objections of Allama Ibn Hazm will be presented, explaining the sources and the arguments as to whether or not their source is Shariah.

Digital Technology and its Impact on Library and Information Services and Resources in the Public Sector Universities of Pakistan

This research project is a case study of the public sector university libraries in Pakistan. This thesis investigates and documents the impact of digital technology on library and information services and resources in the public sector universities of the country. All 73 public sector universities in Pakistan have been covered. Questionnaires, interviews, observation, web analyses and documentary sources of information were the major data collection techniques. The findings of the study reveal that the implementations of emerging library technologies have positive impact on library services and resources in the public sector universities in Pakistan. It was pinpointed that inadequate funding for library automation, lack of skilled library professionals, lack of user education programs on emerging library technologies, frequent power failure are the major barriers to the implementation of latest technologies in university libraries of the country. The findings also reflect that public sector university libraries of Islamabad and Punjab are far ahead in modernization of library services and resources as compared with Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir& Northern Areas. Recommendations are given at the end. Among other things, it is suggested that separate budget for automation and digitization, recruitment of IT skilled human resources, supply of powerful generators/ UPS, provision of latest hardware and standardized library software, revision of LIS curriculum, systematic planning for modernization of university libraries, digitization of library own publications, provision of high bandwidth of internet speed connections , effective periodic training for library professionals and continuing user education on modern library trends for library users are the tools which can be used for the improvement of modern library culture in the universities of Pakistan .