The aim of present study was to develop, characterize, in-vitro and in vivo evaluation of copolymeric pH sensitive microgels/hydrogel microspheres for controlled drug delivery of antihypertensive drugs (nifedipine and diltiazem HCl). Itaconic acid which is a highly hydrophilic monomer having two carboxylic acid groups on side chain and able to form hydrogen bonds with corresponding groups. Due to the double ionization of IA at different pH values, stepwise release behavior was observed for specially adsorbed drugs or other adsorbents by controlling the pH of the medium. Butyl acrylate and 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate (EHA) are hydrophobic monomers which are used to make pH responsive microgels through co-polymerisation with itaconic acid. Nifedipine and diltiazem HCl are calcium channel blockers, are used for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. Due to the poor bioavailability of drugs which undergo first pass hepatic metabolism, pH sensitive copolymeric microgels/ hydrogel microspheres of these antihypertensive drugs were developed. Suspension polymerization technique is used to synthesize pH sensitive copolymeric butyl acrylate-co- itaconic acid p (BA- co-IA) and 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate -co- itaconic acid p (EHA- co-IA) hydrogel microspheres or microgels by using different ratios of monomers with the addition of 5% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker and 1% benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. P (BA- co-IA) hydrogel microspheres or microgels were loaded with nifedipine and p (EHA- co-IA) hydrogel microspheres or microgels loaded with diltiazem HCl by equilibrium swelling method after preparation of empty microgels. Prepared hydrogel microspheres or microgels were evaluated by fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR analysis of both p (BA- co-IA) and p (EHA-co-IA) microgels confirmed the formation of copolymer. FTIR, DSC and X-RD techniques were used to confirm the chemical stability of nifedipine and diltiazem HCl after encapsulation into prepared formulations. TGA of both formulations p (BA- co-IA) and p (EHA-co-IA) indicates that prepared microgels showed much better thermal stability than pure drug nifedipine and diltiazem HCl respectively. SEM images showed that both formulations were spherical in shape. The size distribution of p (BA- co-IA) and p (EHA- co-IA) hydrogel microspheres was found between 4.145μm to 10μm and 4.145 μm to 20 μm respectively using the malvern nanosizer ZS instrument. The nifedipine was encapsulated into prepared hydrogel microspheres maximum up to 67% and maximum % yield was about 72 %. p (EHA- co-IA) hydrogel microspheres were loaded with diltiazem HCl up to 96 % and their % yield were up to 76 %. In vitro release studies of both formulations confirmed the pH sensitivity of the prepared hydrogel microspheres. By appling korsmeyer-peppas equation to cumulative drug release data of both formulations to calculate the diffusion exponent (n), this follows non-Fickian diffusion. These pH sensitive hydrogel microspheres loaded with antihypertensive drugs (nifedipine and diltiazem HCl) are validated in rabbit plasma by HPLC analysis and then in vivo studies of these formulations were performed in rabbits.
یہ کتاب پروفیسر عبد الحق کے مختلف مضامین کا مجموعہ ہے جو انہوں نے مختلف اوقات میں اقبالیات کے موضوع پر قلم بند کیے۔ اس میں مضامین کی تعداد آٹھ ہے اس میں ” مطالعہ اقبال کے چند اساسی پہلو" کے عنوان کے تحت ایک مضمون ہے اور ایک اہم مضمون اقبال کی فکری سرگذشت کا دوسرا دور بھی ہے۔ اقبال کے تراجم کے حوالہ سے بھی مضمون شامل ہے۔ اس طرح یہ ایک اہم کتاب ہے جو اقبالیات میں اپنا مقام رکھتی ہے۔ اس میں دو مضامین اس لیے بھی شامل ہیں جن کا تعلق براہِ راست تحقیق سے ہے۔ ایک مضمون " اردو خط کا تاریخی اور تندہی پس منظر“ (4) اور ددسرا"مذہبی تصانیف کے اردو تراجم “(5) ہے۔
Keberadaan seorang customer service sangat diperlukan didalam organisasi perusahaan, agar dapat berfungsi sebagai fungsi manajemen modern yang mempunyai fungsi melekat pada manajemen perusahaan, yakni bagaimana berperan dalam melakukan komunikasi timbal balik untuk tujuan menciptakan saling pengertian, saling menghargai, saling mempercayai menciptakan goodwill, memperoleh dukungan masyarakat dan sebagainya demi tercapainya citra yang positif bagi suatu perusahaan. Perkembangan masyarakat dewasa ini menghendaki agar tiap-tiap perusahaan perlu mengatur hubungannya melalui pelayanan dengan berbagai keputusan masyarakat agar tercapai hubungan yang serasi dan harmonis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis peranan customer service Terhadap Pelayanan Jasa Kredit Pada PT. Pegadaian Cabang Gunungsitoli. Sampel penelitian ini diambil dengan menggunakan metode random sampling (sampling acak). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang datanya diolah melalui tiga jalur analisis data kualitatif yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan.
This dissertation examines the reciprocal relationship between ethnic nationalism and political development in Pakistan. The nineteenth century was marked by the rise of the concept of nationalism and as a result many new states emerged on the World map by the end of the Second World War The end of the twentieth century witnessed the resurgence of ethnicity in the world. Ethnicity is a phenomenon and when it provides bases for nationalism, it is called ethnic nationalism. The origin of ethnicity is primordial but its political manifestation is constructed. Ethnic nationalism is commonly associated with political development. Though there are many aspects of political development but from 1970s onward, democracy has taken a front seat and countries are being studied and analyzed in terms of democratic development. The last decade of twentieth century established the supremacy of democracy and fall of communist empire proved that democracy is the most desirable form of government in the world. But many countries particularly developing states are suffering from the dilemma of political and democratic instability and many scholars are of the view that ethnic conflict is a major cause of this democratic crisis. But this fact can not be ignored that relationship between ethnic nationalism and political development is reciprocal and ethnicity can not be viewed as a negatively. No country in the World can claim to be homogeneous but despite of that, many developed countries are successfully able to sustain a democratic system. So it becomes pertinent to analyze the issue of political under development in ethnically diverse countries. Pakistan is a country plural in character. Even before partition, the Muslim majority areas of Sub-Continent were not ethnically homogenous and there were ethnic loyalties triggering ethnic based movements in those areas during the independence struggle. The decentralized future frame work presented by Muslim League was more appealing to these provinces and regions as compare to All India National Congress and finally Pakistan came in to existence. Even after partition, the dilemma of ethnic conflict could not be resolved. Pakistan experienced different constitutions and many times its political process had been derailed. After losing its eastern part, the country is still confronting with the issue of identity crisis. Democracy could not establish its roots and Pakistan stands at the crossroad in search of a stable state. Centralized politics is making the issue more problematic. Provincial concerns are intensifying and complex relationship of democracy and ethnic nationalism remains unresolved. This is an attempt to find out the root cause of the problem in search of real democratic political system.