مصر ،معیشت اور مطلق العنانیت
میں اور دکتور محمود قاہرہ یونیورسٹی سے کبری الجامعہ کی طرف گامزن تھے کہ سڑک کے کنارے ایک ادھیڑ عمر کا آدمی دیکھا جس کا چہرہ غربت اور معاشی بد حالی کا منہ بولتا ثبوت تھا ۔ موصوف سڑک پر جھاڑو لگا رہا تھا اور بہت سارا کچرا اس کے ناتواں ہاتھوں سے زیادہ کمزور تیلی دار جھاڑو سے اس طرح واپس نکل رہا تھا جس طرح ارنسٹ ہمینگوے کے ناول ’’اولڈ مین اینڈ سی ‘‘ کے مرکزی کردار مچھیرے کے سمندر میں پھینکے ہوئے جال سے نکلتا ہوا پانی ۔میں نے دکتور محمود کو کہا تمھاری حکومت اس آدمی کو جتنی تنخواہ دے رہی ہے اس میں ایسے ہی کام کی گنجائش نکلتی ہے ۔ مصر کی معاشی حالت اور یہاں کے مزدور کی اوقات کی تلخی کو مدِ نظر رکھ کر میں نے پوچھا کہ تمھارے حکمران بھی تو ساٹھ عشرے میں اشتراکی تھے ، جواب دیا جی بالکل ۔اس نے کہا روس سے مراسم ہی کی وجہ سے یہا ں پر پین عرب ازم اور مصری تہذیب کو زیادہ اجاگر کیا جاتا رہا ہے ۔میں نے کہا شاید اس لیے یہاں کے چوراہوں پر ابوالہول براجمان ہے اور پوری مصری قوم اس آس پر بیٹھی ہے کہ پنجوں پر کھڑا ابوالہول ایک نہ ایک دن اٹھے گا اور مصر ترقی کی شاہرہ پر گامزن ہو گا اور صرف یہ نہیں بلکہ مصریوں کے بیٹوں کو قتل کر نے والے رعمسیس کے نام پر ایک بڑی شاہرہ اور چوک کے نام بھی قاہرہ شہر میں رکھے گئے ۔ دکتور محمود مصر کے سیاسی حالات سے گفتگو کو موڑتے ہوئے مجھ سے پوچھتے ہیں کہ اشتراکیوں کی زندگی کیسے گزرتی ہے ۔میں نے کہا آئیڈیل کی تلاش میں گھٹ گھٹ کر ۔میں نے بات پھر مصر کی طرف...
Plagiarism is a serious offense that defies the ethics of scholarship and research. Research students need to pay substantive attention to the dynamics and contours of plagiarism in their creative, ethical, and academic endeavors. Scholarship avenues such as online tutorials and work assignments are important sources of instructions for plagiarism-avoidance among students. The current study explores the frequency of consultation of scholarship avenues and the usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques among research students in social sciences. The study also recommends a scale to investigate plagiarism-avoidance techniques. Furthermore, it also examines the level of the study in predicting the usage of plagiarism-avoidance. Using the online survey technique, 108 research students from Pakistan were sampled. The questionnaire was uploaded on several student-based research groups of social media, including; Facebook, and Yahoo groups. Bivariate linear regression analysis was used for hypothesis testing. Findings revealed that scholarship avenues lead to greater usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques among research students (R2 =0.065). Supervisors, class-fellows, colleagues, and faculty of the department are prominent human scholarship avenues. Similarly, articles and books from the web, books from the library, the anti-plagiarism policy of the Higher Education Commission (HEC), and lectures delivered in the classroom were leading informational scholarship avenues. Stage of the study and consultation of the scholarship avenues were predictors of usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques. It is recommended that (i) plagiarism-avoidance is promoted through prevention rather than detection, and that (ii) scholarship avenues (e.g. Delivering lectures, institutional policy, and interaction with relevant websites) are used for enhancing awareness about intellectual dishonesty.
The study examined the associations of environmental knowledge and environmental attitude towards pro-environmental behavior among 375 respondents of 9th and 10th grade of public and private secondary schools of Pakistan through mixed method approach. An adapted tool called ‘CATES’ originally developed by (Malkus and Musser 1993) was used to collect the quantitative part of data. Overall reliability for the present ‘study tool’ was found to be 0.791 in our Pakistani context. Association and dissociation were determined among male and female, rural and urban, and public and private students. The study found a positive association among environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior. It was found through the Independent Samples t-test that there were significant differences between environmental knowledge and income of the parents of the respondents. The significant difference was also found between the environmental attitude and the age groups 12-13 and 14-15 years. The students of younger age group of 9th grade (12-13 years) revealed comparatively better than their older counterparts i.e. 10th grade (14-15 year) students. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences in environmental knowledge with education and income of parents, similarly the significant difference was also found in environmental attitude and education of parents. However the study found no significant differences among environmental knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards the groups of male and female, public and private, rural and urban AN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR 2 respondents of the study. Pearson Correlation analysis showed a moderate r(375) = .424**, p < .001 positive relationship between environmental attitude and environmental behavior, significant but moderate positive r(375) = .313**, p < .001 between environmental knowledge and attitude, and significant but weak positive r(375) = .233**, p < .001 between environmental knowledge and environmental behavior scores of the secondary school students of 9th and 10th grade respectively. Thus the findings of the correlation analysis supported that the environmental knowledge was a weaker predictor of the environmental attitude as well as of environmental behavior, while the environmental attitude was the moderate predictor of the environmental behavior. The results of regression revealed that there was a positive impact of environmental knowledge and environmental attitude on the environmental behavior of the secondary school students of 9th and 10th grade level. Finally new directions for future research in environmental knowledge and their impacts are recommended.