Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an essential gene superfamily with central roles in plant signaling. In plants, their functions include growth, development and stress response. It is divided into three families which control various cellular processes. The current study was focused on identification of MAP Kinases (MPKs), MAPK Kinases (MKKs) and MAPK Kinase Kinases (MAPKKK) from economically important crops of Solanaceae (tomato, potato, eggplant, pepper and tobacco) along with a syntenic species from Rubiaceae (wild coffee), based on their conserved domains and signature motifs. Multiple sequence alignments were performed and heat plots were generated. Phylogenetic trees were constructed via neighbor joining and maximum likelihood methods. Homology modeling was performed and the resulting threedimensional structures were refined and optimized. Structural superimpositions were performed. Protein-lipid interactions were tested by dockings. Protein-protein interactions were tested using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and the results were visualized via confocal microscopy. Based on high sequence similarities, the total number of genes identified as MAPKs were 89 in tomato, 108 in potato, 63 in eggplant, 79 in pepper, 64 in coffee and 162 in tetraploid tobacco. All genes in tomato, potato, pepper and coffee spread uniformly on their chromosomes. Grouping of various genes in the phylogenetic trees was in accordance with the homologous Arabidopsis MAPKs. High sequence similarities led to high structural similarity in Constitutive Triple Response 1 protein in tomato, potato, eggplant, pepper and coffee. Phosphoglycerides, natural lipids in plants, were found to form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with this protein. MPKs and MKKs in tomato and pepper were seen to show interactions via strong fluorescence signals in the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. MPK3 interacted with MKK2 and MKK5, and similar interactions were observed for MPK4 in both pepper and tomato. Hence, it was confirmed that multiple MPKs interact with a single MKK, and vice versa. The MAPKs thus form a complex interactome in the cell. This study would be helpful in future studies on MAPK functions in order to understand the cellular mechanisms at protein levels under various environmental conditions and this knowledge would be utilized for generating better crop varieties to achieve higher yield.
اے ۔ کے ۔ بروہی ہندوستان اور پاکستان کے علمی حلقوں میں یہ خبر نہایت افسوس کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ بین الاقوامی شہرت کے قانون داں اور عالم جناب اے۔ کے۔ بروہی جن کا پورا نام اﷲ بخش بروہی تھا، گزشتہ ستمبر میں عارضہ قلب میں انتقال فرما گئے، ان کی میت لندن سے کراچی لائی گئی، ان کی عمر ۷۲ سال کی تھی، مرحوم کے بارے میں یہ بالکل درست ہے کہ پیشہ کے لحاظ سے وہ قانون داں تربیت کے لحاظ سے فلسفی اور مزاج کے لحاظ سے دیندار تھے، ان کی قوت گویائی اعلیٰ درجہ کی تھی، ۱۹۶۰ء میں وہ پاکستان کے ہائی کمشنر ہوکر ہندوستان آئے، ان ہی دنوں ایک انڈوپاک کلچرل کانفرنس دلی میں منعقد ہوئی، جس میں پاکستان کے چوٹی کے ادیب، شاعر اور دانشور بھی آئے ہوئے تھے، افتتاحیہ جلسہ میں وزیراعظم جواہر لال نہرو شریک تھے، وہ بہت تھکے تھکے معلوم ہورہے تھے لیکن جب بروہی صاحب تقریر کرنے لگے تو وہ ہمہ تن گوش ہوگئے۔ بروہی صاحب نے اسلام آباد میں انٹرنیشنل یونیورسٹی قائم کی جس کے وہ پہلے ریکٹر ہوئے، پاکستان کی نیشنل ہجرۃ کونسل کے چیرمین تھے، جس کی وجہ سے حکومت نے انھیں سفیر کا درجہ دے رکھا تھا، وہ انگریزی میں کئی کتابوں کے مصنف تھے۔ نیشنل ہجرۃ کونسل کے چیرمین کی حیثیت سے وہ اسلام سے متعلق ایک سو اعلیٰ معیار کی کتابیں مرتب کرانے میں مصروف تھے، ان کتابوں کے انتخاب کے لئے ایک کمیٹی مقرر کی گئی ہے، جس کے ایک رکن مرحوم سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن بھی تھے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جنوری ۱۹۸۸ء)
In CFSCS the chief achievement is to counter consumer demand in real-time, that act will cut down the cost to experience productivity at an economical scale and give a chance to customers to practice a superior experience. The organizations practicing or implementing a strong CFSCS (customer-focused supply chain strategy) are performing at their excellence in the sales sector, share in the market, productivity, and high level of customer satisfaction. The supply chain mechanism is highly customer focused in CFSCS, Chief elements of the success are highly dependent on the 4Rs model (responsiveness, resiliency, reliability, and realignment) and provide better services at low cost as compared to the traditional supply chain model. The study explores that the 4Rs model in CFSCS is a chief driver for this purpose we develop various frameworks. Our field of proving the CFSCS 4Rs model is in the apparel industry.
Twenty-six genotypes of tomato were characterized on the basis of morphological, biochemical and molecular characters for their drought tolerance level and yield potential. Drought is one of the most important limiting factors for agricultural crops and vegetable production. To assess the effect of drought stress on the growth and yield of tomato a pot experiment was conducted in green house conditions at Garri Dopatta, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Twenty-six genotypes of tomato were evaluated for morphological characters. They were subjected to drought stress during vegetative growth by using Poly ethylene glycol (PEG-6000) at different concentrations ranging from, 0 percent (control), 5 percent, 7.5 percent, 10 percent and 12.5 percents. The Morphological parameters compared were number of branches, number of leaves, Plant height, internodal distance, number of flowers, number of trusses, number of fruits, root length, root diameter. Polyethylene glycol showed significant effect on the production of number of branches. The maximum number of branches were recorded at control leading to minimum were at highest level of the drought. Maximum number of branches (10.667) at control and 2 at 12.5 percent PEG were found in genotype G19289. Plant height data also indicated that drought stress adversely affect the plant height. The maximum plant height 184 cm was recorded in genotype 19289 at control and 70 cm at 12.5 percent PEG. Similar trends in number of leaves and number of flowers were recorded. The number of fruits were also recorded and showed the similar pattern. The internodal distance decreased with the decreasing plant height. The number of trusses, the root length and root diameter also indicated the similar trend. However root length was better in genotype 19219 and its diameter was xi higher in genotype 88572. Genotype 19289 proved to be the best performing under drought stress compared with other genotypes. Different biochemical tests were also applied to assess the drought tolerance level of the tomato genotypes which includes antioxidant activities, proline contents, total phenolics and flavonoids. The reducing and non-reducing sugar contents were also determined in different tomato genotypes. Biotic and abiotic stresses make changes in natural physiological performance and capabilities of the plants and cause serious damages. Drought is an important stress which inhibits full use of genetic potentials in agricultural crops and reduces the yield. Antioxidants are important constituents of the plants that protect the organisms from injuries during oxidative stress. The DPPH free radical is commonly used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of antioxidants produced during oxidative stress. A pot experiment in green house conditions was conducted to evaluate the effect of PEG induced drought on the antioxidant activity of different genotypes of tomato. The maximum antioxidant activity 53.046 percent is shown by the G-21-006234 at 25 μl sample and with the increase in the sample concentration to 500 μl the antioxidant activity is also increased up to 71.54 percent. By increasing the PEG concentration the antioxidant activity shows decline. The genotype G-21-00643 showed 21.189 percent at maximum level of drought induced by the PEG. The genotype G- 31- 19289 was found to be the best for producing the antioxidant activity. This genotype showed 52.424 at 25 μl sample with control PEG concentration and 39.210 percent at 12.5 percent PEG concentration. The 39.210 percent is the highest among the other genotypes at same xii concentration of the PEG 12.5 percent. The genotype G- 31- 19289 was found to be the best among the studied genotype showing highest antioxidant activity. The leaf extract was used to quantify the proline contents. The proline contents in all the genotypes of tomato are increased by increasing the drought stress induced by application of PEG. The maximum proline contents was observed by G 45 19212 which is 54.5 mg/g and minimum was observed in the 32.9 mg/g at 12 percent PEG. The maximum proline contents 20. 7 mg/g at control was observed in G 31 00623 and minimum 16. 5 mg/g was observed in the G 8 19219. The proline contents showed regular increasing behavior with increasing the concentration of PEG. All the genotypes showed an increase but the increase with in genotypes was different when compared to control. In the present study the phenolic contents decreased as by increasing the concentration of PEG. The maximum phenolic contents 60 μg / g were observed in the genotype G 19896 and minimum 5 μg / g were recorded in the G 19219 at control (without PEG). All the genotypes with the exception of G10593 and G 19289 show continuous decline in phenolic contents as by increasing the PEG concentration. The maximum phenolic contents were produced by G 08527 at highest level of PEG 12.5 percent and minimum were recorded in G19219. The results indicated that flavonoid contents decreased by increasing the concentration of polyethylene glycol. The maximum flavonoid contents 12μg /g were observed in the genotype G 19896 and minimum 4 μg /g by G 10593 at control (without PEG). By increasing the PEG concentration the flavonoid contents were decreased. All the genotypes show the same behavior of decreasing the flavonoid contents as xiii increasing the PEG concentration. G 19289 showed a constant flavonoid contents as by increasing the PEG concentration. The reducing sugars showed the non significant behavior in different tomato genotypes. The non-reducing sugars showed different results in different genotypes. Twenty-six genotypes of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fingerprinted with 30 SSR markers by using PCR. Nei’s genetic distances for SSR markers, data was calculated and relation matrix between genotypes shown graphically in the form of a dendrogram. All 26 tomato genotypes showed genetic distances of 1.0-2.20 between them. A smallest genetic distance was recorded 0.2 between genotypes G 17909, G 17904 and G 21 006234, G12 0852, G7 88572 G32 19233, G28 17903, G12 17806 indicating closer relationship between the genotypes. The most distant accessions were G7 1059 and G45 19212. The marker (SSR) based fingerprints will assist for their future potential in crop improvement.