مرزا سلطان احمد
افسوس ہے کہ اعظم گڑھ کی ممتاز مقبول شخصیت مرزا سلطان احمد صاحب رٹائر ممبر بورڈ آف ریونیو نے طویل علالت کے بعد گزشتہ ۱۷؍ فروری کو انتقال کیا وہ پرانے علیگ اور اپنے زمانہ کے لائق ترین عہدہ داروں میں تھے، اپنی قابلیت سے ڈپٹی کلکٹری سے کلکٹری اور بورڈ کی ممبری تک ترقی کی اور جہاں رہے اپنی دیانتداری اور شرافت سے مقبول و نیک نام رہے، بڑے عہدہ داروں میں ایسے شریف اور خلیق انسان کم دیکھنے میں آئے ہیں، ان کا خمیر ہی اخلاق و شرافت سے گوندھا گیا تھا، ادنی و اعلیٰ ہر شخص کے ساتھ ان کا اخلاق یکساں تھا، ہر ملنے والے کے ساتھ کوئی نہ کوئی ایسی خصوصیت ضرور برتتے تھے جس سے اس کو یہ محسوس ہوتا کہ وہ اس کے ساتھ خاص تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔
بڑے وضعدار، فیاض اور مہمان نواز تھے جس سے جس قسم کے تعلقات تھے، اس کو عمر بھر نباہا، ملازمت کے زمانہ میں ان کا دستر خوان بڑا وسیع اور گھر مستقل مہمان خانہ تھا، ان کے اعزہ و احباب میں سے کوئی نہ کوئی ان کے یہاں مستقل مقیم رہتا تھا اور جس کو ضرورت ہوتی اس کی نقدی سے بھی مدد کرتے تھے، ہر حاجت مند کی مدد کے لیے ہر وقت تیار رہتے تھے اور اس کے لیے ایسے کام کر گزرتے تھے جس کی ہمت ہر شخص نہیں کرسکتا، وہ بڑے تنخواہ دار تھے لیکن جو کچھ کمایا سب صرف کردیا، اعظم گڑھ میں دو ہی ایسے شخص تھے جنھوں نے بہت پیدا کیا، مگر اپنے بعد کچھ نہیں چھوڑا، ایک مرزا صاحب، دوسرے اقبال سہیل مرحوم ملازمت سے ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد حکومت نے ان کے سامنے پبلک سروس کمیشن کی ممبری پیش کی، مگر انھوں نے وطن چھوڑنا پسند نہ کیا اور اعظم...
This study aims to examine research papers on religious minorities to determine their issues, rights, and privileges in Pakistan. In a civilized society, everyone has basic rights regardless of race, color, or religion. Everyone has cultural, political, religious, and constitutional freedom in a peaceful society. In general, it is perceived that, in Pakistan, followers of other religions than Islam are not given their essential rights, especially regarding their religious rights. To secure minority participation in decision-making, they may reserve seats in administration and parliament, organize national and local minority consultative organizations, and provide cultural or territorial autonomy. In the context of Pakistan, the school curriculum and state policies are viewed as the primary causes of prejudice against minorities. However, numerous other elements may contribute to the establishment of attitudes about them. Therefore, in order to reveal and appropriately address the issue, this study will use qualitative research methodology with an analytical research approach. Rights, issues, and problems of minorities have been a matter of concern to various scholars, states, and societies throughout history and in the contemporary era too. The study suggests that there should be made awareness at the grassroots level and the removal of obstacles to the greater good of humanity.
The current research work reports on the incidences of Plasmodium infections and its chloroquine resistant genes from Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. Samples collection continued from November, 2008 to November, 2010 (25 months). The analysis focused on the inter relationship of Plasmodium vivax and P.falciparum infection with particular months, seasons, genders, age groups, socio-economic status, symptoms and the Plasmodium stages. Another core objective of the analysis was the scrutiny of mutant and wild types of pfcrt (codon 72-76) and pfmdr1 N86Y, and their association with different months, seasons, genders, age groups, socio-economic status, symptoms and the Plasmodium stages. The overall positivity rates that consisted of slide positivity rate (SPR), P.vivax positivity rate (VPR) and P.falciparum positivity rate (FPR) were 21.40%, 19.37% and 2.03% respectively. The difference between P.vivax infection (90.49%) and P.falciparum infection (9.51%) was highly significant (χ2=1456; p<0.001). Month- wise variations in incidences of Plasmodium infection were highly significant (χ2=8306.63; p<0.001) and association between P.vivax and P.falciparum infection with monthly variations was highly significant (χ2= 69.8; p<0.001). Season-wise analysis revealed that variations in incidence of Plasmodium infection were highly significant (χ2=1886.08; p<0.001). The association between the incidences of P.vivax and P.falciparum infection with seasonal variations was also found to be highly significant (χ2=44.99; p<0.001). Gender based analyses evidenced that Plasmodium infection was significantly higher (χ2=344.08; p<0.001) in males (69.68%) than females (30.32%). The association between the incidence of P.vivax and P.falciparum infection with gender was found to be non-significant (χ2=0.103; p>0.0.05). Plasmodium infection showed highly significant difference (χ2 =1216.4; p<0.001), when it was analyzed age-wise, whereas, a non-significant (χ2=1.895; p>0.05) association, between the incidence of P.vivax and P.falciparum infection with age groups was noted. People aging between 16 and 30 years were affected far more, both in the case of P.vivax infection (48.78%) and in that of P.falciparum (45.02%). Age group 0 to 5 years was the least hit: 1.00% by P.vivax infection and 0.95% by the P.falciparum. The disease frequency was significantly higher (χ 2=12.41; p<0.001) in lower income class (53.74%) and was comparatively lower (46.26%) in the mediocre. Analysis further discovered that people in the lower socio-economic class were more endangered, both in case of P.vivax infection (53.86%) and in that of P.falciparum infection (52.61%). The association between the incidence of P.vivax and P.falciparum infection with socio-economic status was found to be non-significant (χ2=0.120; p>0.05). In the course of this research work, symptom specific analyses were conducted for both types of the infection. The difference in symptoms was found to be highly significant (χ2=1149.49; p<0.001). Symptoms such as periodic fever, chill and headache were observed more frequently both in P.vivax (82.63%) and P.falciparum infection (82.46%). Symptoms of continuous fever, vomiting and weakness were observed at a lesser degree, both in cases of P.vivax infection (7.72%) and in the P.falciparum (5.21%). The association between the incidence of P.vivax and P.falciparum infections with symptoms was found to be non-significant (χ2=2.97; p>0.05). In case of malarial infection, maximum number (77.75%) of stages observed consisted of trophozoites with gametocytes, whereas the minimum number (0.86%) of stages observed were gametocytes. The difference analyzed in stages was highly significant (χ2=6081.24; p<0.001). Highly significant (χ2=20.60; p<0.001) association was found between the incidences of P.vivax and P.falciparum infection with stages of Plasmodium. Molecular analysis of the P.falciparum positive cases showed that presence of gene pfcrt (codon 72-76) contained in sequence of SagtVMNT was 100%. Sequencing results of pfmdr1 gene fragment showed that wild type pfmdr1 N86 (TAT) existed 33% and pfmdr1 Y86 (AAT) existed 84.30%. The difference in numbers of mutant and wild type was found to be highly significant (χ2=99.64; p<0.001). No significant (p>0.05) association was found between mutant (pfmdr1 Y86) and wild type (pfmdr1N86) with different months, seasons, genders, ages, socioeconomic status, disease symptoms and Plasmodium stages. However, more studies are required to find Patterns of antimalarial drug resistant mutations, especially in endemic areas.