کنیڈی
گذشتہ مہینے مسٹر کنیڈی کاقتل دنیا کاسب سے زیادہ الم انگیز واقعہ بھی ہے اور خصوصاً اس ملک کے حکمرانوں کے لیے سبق آموز و عبرت انگیز بھی! الم انگیز اس لیے کہ مسٹر کنیڈی اپنے دل ودماغ کے غیر معمولی اوصاف وکمالات کے باعث ایک نہایت وقیع اور بلند پایہ شخصیت کے مالک تھے۔اُن کے یہی وہ کمالات تھے جنھوں نے دوبرس کے اندر ہی کم عمر وجوان ہونے کے باوصف ان کو بین الاقوامی دنیا کاہر دلعزیز ہیرو اور لیڈر بنادیا تھا اور سبق آموز وعبرت انگیز! وہ اس لیے کہ ایک طرف دنیا کی سب سے زیادہ طاقت ورمتمول اور ترقی یافتہ حکومت کاجوان وکم سال سربراہ ہے جس کے لیے عیش وتنعم کی زندگی بسرکرنے میں نہ کوئی رکاوٹ ہے اور نہ اُس کے اسباب کی کمی ۔مگراس کے باوجود اپنے ملک کی مظلوم ومقہور اقلیتوں کی دادرسی کااُس نے جو عزم اوراعلان کیاہے اُس میں وہ اس درجہ سچا، پختہ اوراستوار ہے کہ اُس کی اپنی قوم سخت منحرف ہوکر اُس کی جان کی دشمن ہوگئی ہے لیکن اسے اس کی ذرا پروا نہیں، وہ جوکہتا ہے اُسے کرگزرتا ہے۔یہاں تک کہ اسی راہِ حق وصداقت میں وہ جان بھی دے بیٹھتا ہے اور دوسری طرف اس ملک کے حکمراں ہیں کہ اقلیتوں کے دستور ی حقوق کی حفاظت و نگرانی کے بلند بانگ دعوے کرتے ہیں مگر اکثریت جس کی حمایت اُن کے اقتدار کاسہارا ہے اُس کی ناراضگی کے ڈرسے بہت سے زبانی اور کاغذی وعدے خوابِ پریشاں سے زیادہ کوئی حقیقت نہیں رکھتے۔ وہاں فرض شناسی ہے اور یہاں خودغرضی۔ وہاں ایمان داری، حق گستری اوراس کے لیے جاں سپاری ہے اور یہاں بے ایمانی کوتاہ نظری اور بزدلی ۔ فاعتبرویااولی الابصار۔
[دسمبر ۱۹۶۳ء]
Adultery, immorality and sexual misconduct is a major crime, which has been condemned in all previous legislations sent by Allah, ancient nations, the bedouin tribes and in Islamic law. The religion of Islam not only forbids adultery, rather it prohibits going even near the causes leading to it. From medicinal point of view, adultery may cause AIDS, herpes etc. The word “zina” means to have sexual relationship without a marriage contract. Its synonyms in Arabic are: al bigha, al safah, al anat, and al fahisha. Islam imposes punishment on unmarried people committing adultery. According to Imam al shaf’i, the punishment is one hundred lashes for both man and the woman, and exile for one year. Whereas Imam Abu Hanifa only imposes one hundred lashes. For a married adulterer, the punishment is hundred lashes and death by stoning. Rest of the jurists unanimously agree that they will only be stoned to death. Majority of the scholars agree that if a concubine commits adultery, she will be giving fifty lashes. According to Saeed bin Musayyib, she will be beaten in order to teach her decent manners. In order to impose the punishment of zina on someone, it will be ensured that the adulterer is an adult, the woman should not be from a country who is at war with the Muslims, she is alive and the adultery has taken place in a Muslim country. Among the the repulsive results of adultery are spread of sexually transmitted diseases, increase in number of illegitimate children, lesser percentage of legitimate children and increase in crimes. One of the factors pointing towards the prohibition of zina is that it has been forbidden since early Islam and a severe punishment has been imposed on it. Of the vices of zina is the mixing up of lineages. Our society today is flooded with immoral behaviour, which is endangering our “iman” and “yaqeen” and is driving our society towards destruction. This wave of immorality has reached the elite of the society and it is obligatory upon every individual to put his share in stopping it.
The topic of the study was “Developing a Model for Student Support Services at Allama Iqbal Open University”. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the existing facilities available in student support services at AIOU, review various models used in developing and developed countries and to develop student support services model for AIOU. The population of the study was the students, tutors, RDs, DRDs, ARDs, academicians, and policy makers of AIOU, UKOU and OUSL. The sample comprised of 200 students of AIOU, 200 of UKOU and 200 OUSL semester Spring 2003 of B.Ed programme. 50 tutors of AIOU, UKOU and OUSL, 20 RDs, DRDs, ARDs of AIOU, 20 OUSL and 20 RDs of UKOU, 10 policy makes of AIOU, UKOU and 10 OUSL, 50 academicians of AIOU, UKOU and OUSL. viiTo achieve the objectives of the study, five questionnaires were constructed for students, tutors, RDs/DRDs/ARDs, policy makers and academicians of AIOU and UKOU, consisting of four parts: (i) general services (ii) tutorial services (iii) counselling services and (iv) library services. All questions were designed at five point rating scale; however, one last question was open ended. The score on each item was analyzed by applying chi square, percentage and mean score formula to determine the objectives of the study. The major findings were, (i) Regional campuses of UKOU worked independently as mini university while AIOU regional centre/ campus worked under the main campus, (ii) UKOU students enjoyed the facility of Open University Student Association while AIOU did not form such an association, (iii) UKOU Regional Campuses provided number of better quality student support services than AIOU. On the basis of data analysis, it was found that in general AIOU, UKOU and OUSL cumulatively, resembled in their student support and they had attained great popularity by dint of their broadcast TV and radio programmes. Also, most of the students were highly satisfied with the media support services. However, AIOU exceeded in half of the categories of facilities in establishment and administration as regards enrollment in comparison to UKOU and OUSL. There was no significant difference in the performance of tutors, quality of face to face meetings, standard of resource centers and techniques of media support, but AIOU could not show high standards of counseling as compared to UKOU. Three universities could not achieve some of their claimed targets and needed improvement in order to maintain the viiiquality of their education through effective training of their personnel and evaluating the provisions presently made. The findings of the study have led the researcher to recommend that (i) regional campuses should be made independent like UKOU (ii) counselling and guidance cell should be established in every regional campus (iii) modern communication faculties like toll free phones or auto answer should be provided at AIOU regional campus (iv) Allama Iqbal Open University Student Association should be founded on the lines of Open University Student Association of UKOU. After analyzing and interpretation of data and document, the main conclusions were; UKOU, OUSL and AIOU provide a number of student support services through their regional campuses but UKOU regional campuses work independently like mini university. However, OUSL and AIOU regional campuses work under the main campus. For the contact facilities, OUSL and AIOU students rely only upon mail and telephone, while UKOU students enjoy a number of different facilities, for example, toll free phones and voice e-mail etc. The major recommendations of the study are that the AIOU regional centres should appoint tutors on merit and should intimate tutors in time. There may be arrangements for comprehensive training of tutors for the betterment of tutorial support system. It was also recommended that AIOU may be affiliated with all the public and institutional libraries in big districts for the facilitation of the students. The tutors may be trained effectively for solving the problems clientele as counselors more considerately and sympathetically. Assignments may be given specific and ixencouraging remarks to ensure the improvement on part of the students. Computer assisted learning programmes may be introduced on higher level courses and media support may be made interactive for getting opinions from students.