دور الفرد في مكافحة الجريمة الجنائية في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الوضعي

There is a great importance and significance of the role of an individual to prevent his body and property from an aggression. Islamic law and conventional law has authorized an individual to repel any kind of aggression upon his body and property and has not forced him to stand hands bound towards the aggressor. This role of an individual will help to decrease the ratio of crimes in society. It has been strived in this paper to provide proof of its legalization from Quran, Sunnah and also from conventional law. It has also been tried to discuss the main portions and relevant issues relating to the said topic such as; aggression, offence, defence during the continuance of aggression or offence and retreat during the aggression in Shariah and Common Law.

Phytochemistry and Bioactivity of Maytenus Royleanus and Ficus Faveolata

This dissertation deals with phytochemical and bioactivities studies on indigenous medicinal plants; Maytenus royleanus (Celastraceae) (Part A), Ficus faveolata (Moraceae) (Part B) and additional miscellaneous part C (Cyclotetrapeptides from Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis). Part-A Part A deals with phytochemical and bioactivities studies on the chemical constituents of the roots of Maytenus royleanus. The systematic phytochemical studies have led to the isolation and structure elucidation of three new compounds (1-3). In addition seven known compounds (4-10) have also been isolated for the first time from this species. Structures have been elucidation by advanced spectroscopic techniques. Royleanine A (1) 1β,2β,5β,7β,8β,11-Hexaacetoxy-4-hydroxy-3α,15-[2'',3''-dimethyl-3''(5''''-carboxy- 2''''-pyridyl)-propanoic acid] dicarbolactone-dihydro-agarofuran Royleanine B (2) 1β,2β,5β,7β,8β,11-Hexaacetoxy-3α,15-[2''-methyl-4''(5''''-carboxy-2''''- pyridyl)-butanoic acid] dicarbolactone-dihydroagarofuran Royleanine C (3) 1β,2β,5β,7β,8β,11-Hexaacetoxy-3α,15-[2''-methyl-2''β-benzoate-4''(4''''- carboxy-2''''-pyridyl)-butanoic acid] dicarbolactone-dihydroagarofuran Salaspermic acid (4) Orthosphenic acid (5) 3α,22β-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-29-oic acid (6) Oleuropein (7) Ligutroside (8) Quercetin (9) β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glycopyrannoside (10) Part-B Part B deals with isolation and characterization of chemical constituents from Ficus faveolata. Five compounds were isolated from the stem methanolic extract of Ficus faveolata; two of them are new (11, 12) and three known compounds (13-15) hitherto unreported from this source. Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. Ficusonic acid (11) 3β,21β-Dihydroxy-olean-12-en-29-oic acid Ficusonolide (12) 3α-Hydroxylean-12-en-29,19α-olide Gallocatechine (13) β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glycopyrannoside (14) 3β,22β-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-29-oic acid(15) Part-C Part C is the miscellaneous section which describes the isolation and characterization of two new Cyclotetrapeptides; ochrine A (16) and ochrine B (17) from the fungal strain Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis collected from Hawaii shallow water sediment. Their structures have been elucidated by modern spectroscopic techniques.