Polygonal designs, a class of partially balanced incomplete block designs (PBIBDs) with regular polygons, are useful in survey sampling in terms of balanced sam- pling plans excluding contiguous units (BSECs) and balanced sampling plans to avoid the selection of adjacent units (BSAs), when neighboring (contiguous or ad- jacent) units in a population provide similar information. The reason for using such designs is that the units that are physically close might be more similar than the distant units. By the use of such designs or plans we can select the units over the entire experimental region by avoiding the selection of units that provide es- sentially redundant information. In other words, these neighboring units are de- liberately excluded from being sampled under the idea that they provide little new information to the sampling effort. Searches for polygonal designs may be divided into two broad categories: those which attempts to prove the existence of polygonal designs with a given set of pa- rameters (v, k, λ, α), and those which attempts to construct (or enumerate) polygo- nal designs with a given set of parameters (v, k, λ, α). In this thesis, the construction of cyclic polygonal designs is generalized for the parameters: the distance α (or m), the concurrence (or index) parameter λ and the treatments v. The major reasons for introducing generalized cyclic polygonal designs in this thesis are that: (i) the existing literature considers the existence and the construction of cyclic polygonal designs only for the limited distance α, the concurrence param- eter λ and the treatments v; iii(ii) the existence and the construction of unequal block sized cyclic polygonal de- signs for distance α ≥ 1 has not been attempted in literature. In Chapter 1, an introduction to polygonal designs is given. A brief review on the existing work on polygonal designs is presented, and some limitations in the existing work are pointed out. In Chapter 2, the method of cyclic shifts is briefly described, and explained that how this method helps in the development of concurrence matrix (or concurrence vector) which is the main tool for the detection of the properties of cyclic polygonal designs. The distinguishing feature of this method is that the properties of a design can easily be obtained from the sets of shifts instead of constructing the actual blocks of the design. The pattern of off-diagonal zero elements (in bold form) from the main diagonal in a concurrence matrix (or in a concurrence vector) is useful in the identification of the distance in a cyclic polygonal design. In Chapter 3, minimal cyclic polygonal designs with block size k = 3 and λ = 1 are constructed for distance α = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 16 and for v < 100 treatments. In Chapter 4, the existence and construction of cyclic polygonal designs with block size k = 3, for λ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 and for α = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is considered, and complete solutions for v ≤ 100 treatments are presented. In Chapter 5, the existence and construction of minimal cyclic polygonal designs with unequal-sized blocks and λ = 1 is first ever introduced for distance α ≥ 1. In Chapter 6, the thesis is summarized and future directions for the extension of cyclic polygonal designs are proposed.
Two of the most significant KPIs, liquidity and profitability, are used to gauge a company's success. In order to examine the financial health and profitability of selected Indian oil and gas businesses, this study was performed. From 2016-17 through 2020-21, the top five listed firms by market capitalization are Reliance Industries Ltd, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL), Bharat Petroleum (BPCL), and Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL). Four ratios have been used to evaluate the financial and profitability positions of chosen organizations, including the current ratio, the quick ratio, the net profit ratio, and the return on invested capital. An ANOVA with a 5% threshold of significance was employed to test the hypotheses. The study's main conclusion is that Reliance industries Ltd's liquidity and profitability performance is superior to those of other chosen oil and gas firms.
This hermeneutic phenomenological study explored leadership by means of assessing the lived experiences of both Firdawsi and Sikandar as given in the Shahnamah. The premise of the study was that leadership is not a fixed or static phenomenon and that leadership study needs to be humanized. Leaders cannot be categorized into the good/bad model. The study focused on two diverse ideas or paradigms as 1) theories of leadership content (what we include or exclude within the leadership framework i.e. all leadership theories/models, effective or destructive) and 2) theories of leadership affect (how historians, writers and individuals view leaders) as these two have been the subjects of investigation in most leadership studies. The author, Firdawsi, wrote about a very well-known and dynamic historic leader, Sikandar, who played a vital role in reshaping not only the history of Persia, but the world. With his conquest of Persia, Sikandar breached the East-West divide.. This study will focus on the story of Sikandar. Though comparisons with the historical Sikandar will be used from time to time, this study is focused on the story of Sikandar from the Persian perspective, namely Firdawsi’s retelling of the story in the Shahnama, a well-known Persian epic which is a lengthy narrative poem. The Shahnama is an epic narrative. Narrative is thus used to transition from ‘knowing into telling’ while the epic narrative of the Shahnamah depicts the exploits of people in high-ranking positions such as kings who are regarded as leaders. Thus in this case five emerging phenomena or themes of Sikandar’s descriptive qualities of leadership according to Firdawsi’s text came to the forefront namely the phenomena of fear, hubris, avarice, valour and magnanimity. Firdawsi’s characteristics of writing also emerged which incorporates his lifeworld existentials namely spatiality, corporeality, temporality and rationality, which formed the reflective process, were also incorporated as the essence of the hermeneutic phenomenological study. Thus Firdawsi’s characteristics of writing about a leader and leadership in general became a focal point. Yet, it was important to fuse this to 21st century models of leadership and the two which could be used, were the narcissistic leadership model and the concept of transformational leadership. In closing, this dissertation reflects on the implications of this leadership study.