An experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability and heterosis in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for important traits using eight genotypes (Rainbow; R.B, Rustam Canola; R.C, Dunkled; D.K, Abasin-95; A-95, NIFA Gold; N.G, Durre-NIFA; D.N, Punjab Sarson; P.S and Faisal Canola; F.C) and their crosses. In year 2014-15, these genotypes were crossed in diallel fashion to generate F1 hybrids. In year 2015-16 parents and their F1 hybrids were field evaluated in RCBD with two replications. Data were recorded for days to flowering, maturity, plant height, primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1, pods main raceme-1, pods plant-1, pod length, seeds pod-1, 1000-seed weight, seed yield plant-1, oil, protein, linolenic acid, glucosinolate and erucic acid content. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences at P ≥ 0.01 levels among genotypes for all studied traits indicating the presence of genetic variability in this set of germplasm. On the basis of mean performance, parental genotype A-95 and hybrid F.C × R.C were found best for primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1, pods main raceme-1, pods plant-1, pod length, Seeds pod-1, 1000-seed weight, seed yield plant-1, linolenic acid and glucosinolate content. Parental genotypes, D.N and P.S and F1 hybrids D.K × D.N and A-95 × N.G were better for oil and erucic acid content.For flowering heterotic values were -0.96 to -11.83% for mid, -1.10 to -15.74% for better and -1.58 to -8.08 for commercial parent. Heterotic values for maturity ranged from -0.95 to -8.73%, -0.87 to -11.37, -0.88 to -6.88 for mid, better and commercial parents, respectively. For both flowering and maturity cross D.K× R.C performed better. In case of seeds yield plant-1, heterotic estimates ranged from 5.61 to 133.59%, 8.01 to 132.54% and 2.23 to 97.05 over mid, better and commercial variety. Heterotic values for oil content ranged from 4.44 to 26.15%, 3.86 to 25.12% and 4.02 to 18.70 over mid, better and commercial parent. F1 cross F.C × R.C performed best for seed yield and R.B × D.K for oil content. For glucosinolates content, crosses A-95 x P.S with maximum desirable negative values for mid parent (-69.84), better parent (-79.24) and commercial parent (-80.04) was found best. The study found several crosses with desirable negative heterotic effects for flowering, maturity, linolenic, glucosinolate and erucic acid content. A number of F1 crosses have been identified with desirable positive heterotic effects for yield contributing traits. The selection of desirable heterotic crosses at an early stage is very important in developing high yielding genotypes therefore these crosses could be recommended to include in breeding programs to improve seed yield and oil quality in rapeseed.
یہ مجموعہ کلام اکتوبر 1934 ء میں منظر عام پر آیا۔ یہ اقبال کا سفرنامہ افغانستان ہے جسے منظوم شکل میں مرتب کیا گیا۔ افغانستان کے فرماں روا نادر شاہ نے 1933ء میں اقبال کو افغانستان آنے کی دعوت دی تھی ۔ سید سلیمان ندوی اور سرراس مسعود کے ہمراہ اقبال نے 20 اکتوبر سے 3 نومبر 1933ء تک وہاں قیام کیا۔ یہ منظوم سفر نامہ مثنوی کے انداز میں لکھا گیا۔ یہ دوسری بار 1936 ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اقبال نے کابل یو نیورسٹی کا سنگ بنیاد بھی رکھا۔ مثنوی” پس چہ باید کرد“ کی اشاعت بھی ستمبر 1936 ء میں ہوئی ۔ اس لیے اس کا نام ”پس چہ باید کرد مع مسافر“ رکھا گیا۔
Background of the study: Tibia Vara is defined as a growth abnormality which leads to Varus malalignment of the lower limb. It is caused by excessive loading on the medial part of proximal tibia. Progressive Tibia Vara can result in a bowleg deformity which is most noticeable in posteromedial part of upper tibial physis. Other than that, it gives rise to in toeing of feet and lateral knee thrust, altering the normal biomechanics of an individual. This study aim to determine the frequency of Tibia Vara among obese adolescents (13-18years).
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done using non probability convenient sampling. Total 214 obese adolescents of age range 13 to 18 years were recruited from different parks and schools of Lahore. Adolescents with BMI less than 30 and with history of fracture or dislocation in the lower limb were excluded from the study. Manual goniometer was used to assess tibia vara in obese adolescent which had an intra-rater reliability of 0.75.
Results: Out of 214 obese adolescents, 128 were male and 86 were female. The percentage of Tibia Vara in this population was found to be 38% (n= 82). Whereas; on the basis of gender, male participants presenting with Tibia vara was found to be 26% (n= 56) and the percentage of females reported with Tibia vara was only 12% (n= 26).
Conclusion: Tibia vara had been reported in 38% of the obese adolescents in Lahore, Pakistan. Whereas, on the basis of gender most frequently tibia vara was reported among male participants.
The efforts to explore the perceptions about contribution in daily chores and gender education involve varied approaches, theories, and methods; the Moser's "triple role theory" and Kabeer's "social relationship approach" are two of them. Qualitative paradigm was used for in-depth exploration. Semi-structured interview, focus group discussions and individual follow-up discussions were the main data collection methods. Four groups participated in the research study. Two groups of married couples (3 women and 2 men) participated in semi-structured interview. A focus group discussion was held with the other two groups (5 women and 5 men) of which one was female and the other male. The study found that women's share is muckle in agriculture sector and that they are mostly responsible for poultry and livestock-related chores. There is equal share of both male and female in fuel collection. Men have complete control over education, wage labouring, and timber. In spite of the critical share of women, their contribution was not considered as paid work. Indeed, the study found that women take up opportunities for paid work only in agriculture limiting them to work within their villages. The study found that during winter, almost all families totally depend on women's earning and men go to the village pavilion, resorts, or mosque and return only for meals. The study also found that a woman cannot go to meet with her family and friends without permission of her husband. Man has complete control on financial transaction of every type of object. The findings of the study revealed very little difference among the perceptions of males and females about girls' education; however, there was a significant difference in perceptions about contribution in everyday life. Similarly, a little difference was found between literate and illiterate people's perceptions about girls' education; and surprisingly, there were the same perceptions about boys' education. Participants had specified different objectives for Islamic and non-Islamic education by describing that non-Islamic education is only for earning money in this world and Islamic education is a source of reward hereafter.