ڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین
افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں عالمِ اسلام کی دو بلند پایہ اور نامور شخصیتیں ہم سے جُدا ہوگئیں، اوریہ دونوں مصری تھیں، ایک ڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین اوردوسرے شیخ ابوزہرہ۔اول الذکر بچپن میں ہی نابینا ہوگئے تھے لیکن اس کے باوجود علم وفضل اور ادب وانشاء میں وہ کمال پیدا کیا کہ نہ صرف مصرکے بلکہ مشرق کی ایک نامور شخصیت بن گئے۔ انھوں نے جامعۂ ازہر قاہرہ یونیورسٹی اورپھر فرانس میں تعلیم حاصل کی تھی، اس بناء پروہ کلاسکل اورجدید دونوں ادبیات کے مبصر اورصاحبِ فن نقاد تھے، ایک زمانہ میں پروفیسر مارگولیوتھ کی ہمنوائی میں انھوں نے اشعر الجاہلی کے نام سے جوکتاب لکھی تھی اس پر مصر میں ان کے خلاف اس قدر شدید ہنگامے ہوئے کہ لوگوں نے ان کاسوشل بائیکاٹ کردیا اور گورنمنٹ نے بھی کتاب کی اشاعت ممنوع قراردے دی۔اس کے بعد ڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین نے قابلِ اعتراض حصّہ کوخارج کرکے اسی کتاب کو الادب الجاہلی کے نام سے شائع کیا، اس کے علاوہ اورمتعدد کتب ، مثلاً حدیث الاربعاء تین جلدوں میں، علی ہامش السیرۃ، الشیخان، الفتنۃ الکبری، مراۃ الاسلام، الایام، وغیرہ مرحوم کی یادگار ہیں۔ لیکن ان کا اصل میدان ادبی تنقید تھا۔علاوہ ازیں وہ ایک خاص طرزِ تحریر کے بانی اور موجد تھے جس میں نسیم سحر کی لطافت، دریا کی روانی شعلہ کی لپک اورسیلِ رواں کی طاقت سب گھل مل گئے ہیں۔عرب کی نئی نسل کے ذہن اور فکر پرڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین کے قلم کے بہت گہرے اثرات ہیں اوراس حیثیت سے وہ بے شبہ عہدِ جدید کے ادبی معماروں میں ایک ممتاز مرتبہ ومقام کے مالک ہیں۔
[مئی ۱۹۷۴ء]
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful All the praises and thanks be to Allah Almighty, the Giver of bountiful blessings and gifts. Prayers and peace of Allah be upon the noble Prophet and upon his family and companions, the honorable followers. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī by Imām Abu Abdullah Muḥammad al-Bukhārī got great attention by Muslim scholars of the past and present time. Many scholars elaborated this book by adopting different methods. “Al-Kawākib Al-Darārī” by Imam Al-kirmānī is an old explanation of Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī. During studying “Fatḥ Al-Bārī” I found that Hafiz Ibn e Ḥajar has consulted “Al-Kawākib Al-Darārī” and quoted Imam Al-kirmānī’s commentary and added it. Al-hafiz Ibn e Ḥajar differs at many times with the opinions of Imam Al-kirmānī about the understanding of the statements and gestures in traditions. I wanted to study such analysis to check the right opinion after comparing statements of both Imams and by consulting with the statements of other scholars of this field. This article approves that judgments of Al-hafiz Ibn e Hajar about the understanding of the statements and gestures are more authentic than the opinions of Imam Al-kirmānī.
The traditional method is being widely used in teaching of science at elementary level in Pakistan despite of knowing its advantages and disadvantages. This study was aimed at investigating effectiveness of traditional and heuristic methods of teaching science at elementary level. The experimental study was delimited to Punjab. Two schools-one urban and other rural, were selected on convenient basis to conduct the experiments. One of the experiments was conducted in urban area of district Lahore, while the other was conducted in the rural area of district Jhang. In this study, an achievement test was used as an instrument which covered four major areas of the study. Among 90 students of 6th class, 60 students were selected randomly in rural school and 60 students out of 126 students were selected in urban school. After then, 60 students of 6th class from each school were divided into two equal groups having almost similar level of learning achievement. Experiment 1 (rural school) was conducted in September, 2009 while the experiment 2 (urban school) was conducted in April-May, 2010. Each experiment was comprised of a control group (taught by traditional method) and an experimental group (taught by heuristic method). Semistandardized lesson plans and science kit were used for teaching to the experimental groups using activity based teaching learning model. Each experiment lasted for eight weeks with five days teaching the subject of science to class VI. Pre-test post-test equivalent group design was used. In the beginning of the experiment, pre-test was conducted for the groups in rural and urban schools. Two teachers having similar educational qualifications and teaching experience were selected to teach these two groups including researcher. Data was analyzed using SPSS. The statistical techniques used to investigate the effectiveness of control and experimental groups in rural and urban areas were mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of variance and t-test. It was found that the performance of experimental groups, both in rural and urban schools was better than the performance of control groups, which shows the scope and significance of heuristic method to teach science at elementary level. It was also found that the achievement level of experimental group was better in all four content areas of test i.e. Characteristics of living and nonliving thins, Cell a unit of life, organization of life and environment. It was also found that the achievement level of experimental group students was better in all three ability skills i.e. Knowledge, Comprehension and Application. On the basis of findings, conclusions and recommendations were made accordingly.