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Home > Genetic and Dna Marker Studies for Drought Tolerance in Upland Cotton

Genetic and Dna Marker Studies for Drought Tolerance in Upland Cotton

Thesis Info

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Author

Asif Saleem, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2302/1/2803S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726275646

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Drought stress is a major limiting factor in crop production. Genetic improvement is possible in cotton and other crops against drought stress by using new tools of breeding. Thirty upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars/genotypes were screened for the traits related to drought tolerance (relative water content, excised leaf water loss, cell membrane stability and biomass reduction). Two drought tolerant (B-557 and MNH-554) and two drought susceptible (FH-1000 and N-313/12) cultivars were identified and crossed to develop F1, F2 and backcross generations. Genetic analysis was conducted for relative water content, excised leaf water loss, cell membrane stability, developmental/yield and fibre quality traits (plant height, number of monopdial branches, number of sympodial branches, bolls/plant, boll weight, ginning out-turn, fibre length, fibre strength and fibre fineness). Additive, dominance as well as genetic interaction was found in the inheritance of the traits under drought stress condition. Medium to high narrow sense heritability was observed for the traits. The analysis of parental and F2 population of the cross B-557 × FH-1000 studied under osmotic stress in hydroponic culture showed that the traits, relative water content, excised leaf water loss and cell membrane stability had correlation with biomass production. Positive correlation of relative water content with cell membrane stability reveals that the genes which help plant maintain relative water content are also indirectly involved for cell membrane stability. Correlation analysis of F2 population under field drought revealed positive correlation of relative water content and cell membrane stability with plant developmental/yield and fibre quality related traits. The correlation results from hydroponic culture and field studies showed that relative water content, excised leaf water loss and cell membrane stability may be used as indicator of drought tolerance in cotton. A survey of 524 SSR and EST-SSR primers revealed a lot of DNA polymorphism between drought resistant (B-557) and drought susceptible (FH-1000) cultivar. The polymorphism was used to construct genetic linkage map using F2 population. In linkage analysis, 22 primers were mapped on chromosomes. Two QTLs for relative water content were identified on chromosome 23 and 12. One QTL for excised leaf water loss was found on chromosome 23. These QTLs may be used in molecular breeding programs to develop drought tolerant cotton varieties.
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صلح حدیبیہ

صلح حدیبیہ
ذوالقعدہ سن ۶ ہجری میں آنحضرت ﷺ ۱۴۰۰ صحابہ کرام کے ساتھ عمرے کی نیت سے مکہ کو روانہ ہوئے۔ آپؐ نے اس خیال سے کہ قریش مسلمانوں کو عمرہ کرنے سے روک نہ دیں‘ ایک شخص کو مکہ بھیجا تا کہ وہ حالات کا جائزہ لے۔ پتہ چلا کہ کفار مکہ نے تمام عرب قبائل کو جمع کر کے یہ طے کیا ہے کہ مسلمانوں کو ہر گز مکہ میں داخل نہ ہو نے دیں گے۔ کفار قریش نے ایک دستہ فوج لے کر مسلمانوں کا راستا روکنے کے لیے مکہ سے نکل کر مقام ’’ بلاح‘‘ میں ڈیرے ڈال دئیے ۔ خالد بن ولید اور عکرمہ بن ابو جہل دو سو سواروں کا دستہ لے کر مقام غنیم تک پہنچ گئے۔ آپؐ نے شاہراہ سے ہٹ کر سفر کرنا شروع کر دیا اور عام راستے سے کٹ کر کے مقام حدیبیہ پر پڑائو کیا۔ حدیبہ کے مقام پر آپ ﷺ کی ناقہ قصویٰ بیٹھ گئی لوگوں نے خیال کیا کہ تھکاوٹ کے سبب بیٹھ گئی ہے لیکن آپ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا ’’ حسبھا حابس الفیل عن مکہ ‘‘ آپؐ نے مناسب سمجھا کہ مصالحت ہو جائے۔ بدیل بن ورتاء آپؐ کا پیغام لے کر کفار قریش کے پاس گیا۔ اس پر عروہ بن مسعود ثقفی نے قریش سے کہا کہ آپؐ نے نہایت بھلائی کی بات کی ہے ۔ لہذٰا اجازت دو تا کہ میں ان سے معاملات طے کروں۔ قریش نے یہ بات مان لی۔
معاہدہ کی کاروائی
آنحضرت ﷺنے حضرت علیؓ کو حکم دیا کہ لکھو بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم ، اس پر قریش کانامزد سفیر سہیل بن عمرو سیخ پا ہو گیا اور کہنے لگا کہ ہم رحمن کو نہیں جانتے ، وہ لکھو جو ہم لکھا کرتے ہیں یعنی باسمک اللھم ، مسلمانوں کو یہ بات سخت...

تعلیم نسواں: اسلامی روایت اور عصری تحدیات

Religion Islam has given equal rights to men and women in the field of education. For men education was compulsory and women were encouraged to seek education. Both males and females have been referred to using polygamous section for education while women are often encouraged and especially emphasized. The Prophet(SAW)arranged special seats for the gender critical in order to highlight the importance of women education. That was way the passion for special education in women grew so much that women discussed global issues with men and solved to reject men’s judgement. It was the influence of this academic moment that many Muslim women not only made a name for themselves, but also wrote books on various research topic in the field of Hadith, Commentary, Iftaa and many other Sciences. Thanks for this global revolution Muslim rulers not only provided a learning environment for their children but also established large educational institutions for ordinary women. The astonishing thing is that despite this wonderful past today Muslims are unable to provide a safe and secure opportunity for education to women.

Politico-Economic Significance of Gwadar Port: Implications for Regional Integration

“Whoever controls the Indian Ocean dominates Asia. This Ocean is key to the seven Seas in the twenty first century, the destiny of the world will be decided in these waters” stated US Rear Admiral Alferd Thayer Mahan. This indicates geo-strategic importance of Indian Ocean. Pakistan is located on the Indian Ocean which connects the landlocked Central Asian Republics with the Sea. Gwadar is a coastal town of Baluchistan, a province of Pakistan, which remained a part of Oman for more than 150 years i.e., 1784 to 1958. Later on, due to its significance, it was bought back by Pakistan with payment of £ 3 million. The city came under the limelight of Pakistan’s policy makers as 35 % of international oil is transporting near it. It was visualized as a hub port for the region when it became part of Pakistan, but financial and technical issues prevented the dream to be materialized. The project remained in papers until China promised to provide financial assistance. The former president of Pakistan Parvez Musharraf during his visit to China in May 2001, requested Chinese government to help in the project. On 22nd March 2002, the project was inaugurated by Pakistan’s president Musharraf and Chinese Prime Minister Wu Gang Guo. The port was then handed over to Port Singapore Authority on 6th February 2007 after its completion in 2006. Port Singapore Authority failed to upgrade the port on promised lines 18th February, 2013 the port was handed over to Chinese Overseas Port Holding Company (COPHC). The geography of the port has attracted the players because of which the situation worsened. The economic potential of the port is the key interest for these players. The port could also be used as naval base in time of exigencies. Situation of confusion would arise in case of converting of Gwadar port into a naval base either by China or USA. Overlapping of economic, political and strategic interests of the involved actors make the area very sensitive. Iran and India have their own plan of action in the region. There is another challenging confusion engineered by China and USA with the clash of their interest in the region that could be reduced or subsided by the frequent use of diplomatic channels. China and USA, under the paradigm of their policies, are promoting their interests in the region and there will be collaboration in future. Landlocked Central Asia and Afghanistan are depending on the port to marketise their resources. Conventional theory of integration defines regional integration as a trade creation and the port has the ability to create trade. Trade creation means shifting of local production with a high cost to member nations low cost products in a regional block. Generally, economic integration is the outcome of an evolutionary course of regional cooperation. European Union is the best example which became a political Union after completion of its economic integration. In order to bring regional countries on a single platform, different steps like free trade zones and tax relaxation are taken by the respective governments; these would be followed by steps like open border system common currency and extended people to people contacts in the region in future. CPEC is the best example of these steps. Iran, a strong competitor wants to be a part of the project. TAPI, IPI and TAP are the proposed projects which when materialized will bring integration to the regional countries. The port at Gwadar is located at the confluence of two main regions, the oil rich Central Asia and emerging consumer market South Asia. The port is located on a point which provides a strategic depth to Pakistan against her adversaries. The port has the ability to check Sea Lanes of Communication during war and peace. Due to geo-strategic importance of the port, all regional and extra-regional players have keen interest in it. Central Asia hopes to export its riches through it while United States of America with diverse demands wants to ensure its presence there. Each player has its own objectives with different approach to accomplish. Having tremendous importance, the port has become a flash-point and Pakistan has to reconsider the situation in terms of its priorities. Major objectives of the study are to expose economic and strategic importance of Gwadar port and to find out its impacts on regional integration. To achieve the mentioned objective, empirical, descriptive, analytical and predictive methodology is applied. The bulk of the study attained through the analysis of documents, books, electronic journals, and scholarly papers, including textual interpretation or ‘content analyses’ as well. Textual interpretation used to summarize, and identify the main properties of the text; and then evaluate the text. This research concludes that cooperation among the concerned states and peace in Afghanistan would bring economic integration in the region which would automatically be followed by political harmony among the regional countries. One important recommendation in this regard is that Pakistan has to formulate policies to avoid confrontation of major players and all the related players. Especially, the potential powers should accommodate each other’s interests in the larger interest of the region.