منظوم خراج تحسین
ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد ہیں فدائے مصطفی
از ازل تا بہ ابد ہیں یہ گدائے مصطفی
نعت کے شعبے میں ان کی اس قدر خدمات ہیں
عاشق سرکار ہیں! گویا نوائے نعت ہیں
ایک دن ہم نے سنی ان سے یہ پیاری سی نوید
ان سے وابستہ ہوئے ہیں حضرت شفقت فرید
دھیمی دھیمی سی مسلسل ان کی جو پرواز ہے
ان کے کاموں پر بھی اب کچھ کام کا آغاز ہے
’’ایم فل‘‘ ان پر ہوا ہے منفرداور کامیاب
کام یہ شفقت میاں نے کر دیا ہے لاجواب
ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کو مبارک ہو یہ کام
حضرت شفقت کو ہو اس کام پر میرا سلام
اوج پائے یہ مقالہ آپ کا شفقت فرید
ہے لب خاکی پہ اتنی سی دعا شفقت فرید
عزیزالدین خاکی
The success of federalism in multiethnic societies greatly depends on fiscal decentralization. It empowers the provincial governments along with the local bodies at the grass root level. In this perspective fiscal decentralization needs structural arrangements in order to ensure revenue generation and appropriate expenditures. It helps to strengthen the national grid to avoid inter-provincial or intra-provincial discrepancies. This study illustrates the relationship between fiscal devolution and symmetrical horizontal economic development. It envisages the devolution plan (2001) introduced by former General Pervez Mushraff in Pakistan under which the Provincial Finance Commissions were established. This research would focus on Punjab as a case study to analyze the working of Provincial Finance Commission. This research tends to address the questions like what have been the patterns of fiscal decentralization in Pakistan? Did National Finance Commission and Provincial Finance Commission promote the principles of equitable devolution of resources in the divisible pool on the basis of need assessment? Could PFC be able to mitigate the intra-provincial disparities in Punjab? Did PFC take efficiency advantage in Punjab through the empowerment of local governments? This study would encompass the analysis of the resource allocation formula opted by the successive governments in the past till present and the counter arguments by the academia and the local body members. Qualitative and quantitative both methods would be used while incorporating primary as well secondary sources. This research concludes with the proposition that empowered local bodies and effective finance commission are the sine qua non of fiscal decentralization in democratic state like Pakistan.
The continuous increase in population the water demand by agriculture, domestic and industrial sectors have caused great stress on world water resources. Population in emerging countries is expected to grow; 4.3 billion in 2002, 5.5 billion in 2025 and 6.2 billion in 2050. For the least developed countries these figures will be 0.8, 1.1 and 1.6 respectively. Agriculture sector consumes about 70-72 % of total water resources. Average irrigation efficiency of the world is 37%. The water resources of Pakistan are under immense stress due to increased agricultural expansion, population growth and associated urbanization and industrialization. The gap between water demand and supply is growing rapidly. Based on current population growth rate, the shortage of water in country will increase to 50% in 2025. To overcome this shortage of water, adoption of efficient water saving techniques is the need of day and future food security. The current study was carried out to evaluate the appropriateness of surface and subsurface drip irrigation system for crops and fruit trees. The efficiency of these irrigation systems in relation to yield, yield to water ratio and economic viability of drip irrigation systems under different cropping schemes and varying flexibility drip pipes were also carried out. Three field experiments were conducted, one in greenhouse and two in open field area at Al-Qassim (Buraidah), Saudi Arabia. Under these experiments, surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems were studied in detail in crops and fruit trees. Important parameters of these systems such as hydraulic performance of flexible drip pipes used, water consumption, yield of crop/fruit, yield to water ratio of crop/fruit and cost analysis of surface and subsurface drip irrigation type under crops and fruit trees were determined. The yield under vegetable crop from the subsurface drip irrigation system was found to be 28% and 25% (Notorah and Red rock varieties of tomatoes) more than that from the surface drip irrigation system. The yield under fruit trees from the subsurface drip irrigation system by using three varying flexible drip pipes (Low, medium and high) and was found to be 42% and 49% more than that from medium and high flexible drip pipes, while under surface drip irrigation system, it was found 46% and 51% more from medium and high flexible drip pipes. The water use efficiency of subsurface drip irrigation system is much more than that of surface drips irrigation system in both vegetable crops as well as in fruit tree because all water utilized by plant in case of subsurface drip irrigation but as for surface drip VIirrigation system partly utilized by plant and partly evaporated, Bigger wetted volume of soil in root zone was observed in the case of subsurface drip irrigation while it is smaller wetted volume of soil in case of surface drip irrigation system. Further investigation of subsurface drip irrigation system needs to be undertaken for other crops and fruit trees to confirm the benefits of the use of low flexible drip pipes.