Plants on this planet are essential need to support life, its needs of acquired ecosystem yet many of the fears challenges including the conservation, especially their germplasm and same is being feared in case of walnut in Kashmir, Pakistan. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the exceptionally widespread nut tree in the world and grow best in northern regions of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. It has wide range of genetic diversity which indicate that interspecific hybrids exist and introgression may occur. Plants on this planet are coupled with continuous challenges and their germplasm conservation is one of the prime priority. We focused to evaluate the genetic characterization of sixty four walnut accessions including their genetic relationship and distance collected from sixteen selected sites of Neelum valley Azad Jammu and Kashmir in Himalayan region of Pakistan by using thirty five primer combinations during SSR analysis. Genetic distance among these accessions were displayed in a dendrogram cluster analysis correlation based and principal component analysis (PCA). We found that six cluster were clearly separating the accessions from each other and distance among accessions confirmed that these accessions were divergent due to geographical diversity, naturalized population, unevenness and interspecific cross pollination. The close relationship among accessions showed these accessions had probably same ancestory. Moreover, fieldwork study revealed that local walnut germplasm are being eroded from some regions due to urbanization, agriculture, grazing, wood harvesting and natural calamities (earth quake and land sliding) that depicted genetic drift. In the actual application, the measurement of genetic diversity among these accessions should be used as important guidelines for the researchers, conservators, plant breeders and regulatory authorities while ensuring that a substantial genetic diversity is preserved within the study area. Medicinal plants have a proven long history for their effective use to prevent and treat diseases. During the recent decades, the modern drug discovery approaches have refocused on traditional medicinal plants because of their higher contribution for providing new drugs, drug candidates, novelty and mechanism insights. Juglans regia is very famous for providing precious and medicinal dry fruits which are extensively being used in many parts of the world. Walnut is a rich and diverse source of natural products, including variety of phenolic and flavonoid natural products. These natural products possess variety of biological properties, especially anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities. Anti-oxidant reduce free radicals by their lone-pair of electron and decrease the level of free radicals in body. Anti-microbial activities in order to cure ailments, discovery of new drugs is a prime global priority and going back to natural treasure of medicinal plants is one of the best option. Human challenges for the search of new drugs are also burdened with the current status of diseases caused by oxidative stress as well as the limitation of existing antioxidant drugs. Toxic metal contaminations are the critical issue especially in dietary and medicinal plants like J. regia because these metals unwantedly modulate various biological processes which results into various diseases for example, they damage tissue, organ and results into various diseases including cancer, ulcer and neurological disorders. In this study we used four parts of J. regia i.e. fruits, leaves, stem bark and green husk. Metal contamination estimation, using atomic absorption spectroscopy, found that Cd contamination in its fruits, Cu and Mg concentration in all parts of J. regia (fruits, leaves, stem bark and green husk) are critically above the standard permissible limits and thus is a serious health concern. Methanolic extracts of various parts of J. regia were screened for antimicrobial activities against twelve different human pathogens all extracts indicated promising antimicrobial activities in comparison to the standard clinical drugs, ciprofloxacin and nystatin, among all the tested plant parts maximum zone of inhibition were measured in fruits extract (14.33 ± 0.33) against S. aureus, leaves (19.33 ± 0.33) against E. coli , stem bark (16.33 ± 0.57) against B. subtilis and green husk (18.16 ± 0.57) against P. aeruginosa of J. regia extracts Whereas, antioxidant studies on J. regia revealed that its fruits has the highest antioxidant properties with IC50 value of 6.938693 mg/mL. Total phenolic contents were estimated spectrophotometrically with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and were calculated as gallic acid (GA), (equivalents mg of GA/g of extract which ranged from 12.6987 to 31.9685 mg GA/g). Whereas, total flavonoid contents of J. regia were estimated as rutin equivalents (mg of Rutin/g of extract) and highest flavonoid contents were found in the fruit’s extract which was 25.8231 mg/g and lowest in leaves extract of J. regia 7.2861 mg/g. Cancer is a devastating disease and one of the leading causes of death worldwide despite improvements in patient survival during the past 50 years; new and improved treatments for cancer are therefore actively sought. Breast cancer is the top most prevalent cancer in women worldwide and is responsible for nearly 58 % of all cancer deaths. Our search for anti-cancer medicinal plant Juglans regia fruits, green husk, and leaves showed promising antiproliferative activities in MCF-7 breast cell lines, whereas stem bark showed moderate activity, hightest recorded among all extracts, fruit of J. regia showed highest antiproliferative activity with GI50 1.581722. Advancement in human knowledge at molecular and atomic level initiated researches for the search of individual molecules responsible for specific biological properties. This together with the development in equipment gave birth to molecular medicine in late 19th and early 20th century. Importantly, medicinal plants have been the superlative precursor for the discovery and development of molecular pharmaceuticals. Therefore, we designed and conducted isolation of pure natural products from Juglans regia and elucidate their structures using modern chromatography and spectroscopic techniques as a minor component of this research. We isolated 23 natural products and were able to elucidate the structures of three of them which were found to be known juglone, eugenol and 5-Hydroxy-3, 7, 4-trimethoxyflavone.
تعلیم کی اہمیت جہاں تک دیکھیے تعلیم کی فرمانروائی ہے جو سچ پوچھو تو نیچے علم ہے اوپر خدائی ہے تاریخ کی ورق گردانی کریں تو یہ بات اظہر من الشمس ہے کہ اس دنیا کے اندر جو بھی کارہائے نمایاں سر انجام دیے گئے وہ صرف اور صرف تعلیم ہی کی بدولت تھے ۔تعلیم ایک فرد میں جرأت مندی حوصلہ، دلیری، ثابت قدمی، قناعت پسندی ، صداقت، لیاقت، امانت اور دیانت جیسی عظیم صفات کی موجودگی کا سبب بنتی ہے۔ قرآنِ پاک کا مطالعہ کریں تو پتہ چلتا ہے کہ تعلیم کی کتنی اہمیت ہے۔ حضرت آدم ںمسجودِ ملائکہ بنے تو تعلیم ہی کے ذریعے یعنی اللہ تعالیٰ نے آپؐ کو اشیاء کاعلم سکھا دیا۔ طالوت کو بادشاہت ملی تو سبب علم ہی کو بتایا گیا۔ اگر حضرت یوسف کو سیاہ و سفید کا مالک بنایا گیا اور مصر کی بادشاہت ملی تو اس کا سبب بھی تعلیم ہی بنی۔ آپؐ نے فرمایا کہ اِنّی حَفِیْظ عَلم علا وہ از یں متعدد مقامات پرتعلیم ہی کا ذکر ہے کہ اس کے ذریعے کا ئنات میں مختلف امور سرانجام دیے گئے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کو ہر اس شے کا علم عطا فرمایا جو آپ صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم نہیں جانتے تھے۔ ارشادِ باری تعالیٰ ہے کہ’’ اور سکھادیاتمہیں جو تو نہیں جانتا تھا‘‘(القرآن) اللہ تعالیٰ کی ذات کے بعد اگر کسی ہستی کا مرتبہ علیٰ و اَرفع ہے تو رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی ذات ہے لیکن اس کے باوجود بھی وہ یوں دعا کرتے ہیں کہ ’’یارب العالمین میرے علم میں اضافہ فرما‘‘تعلیم کی اہمیت ہر دور میں مسلمہ رہی ہے۔ حدیث نبوی میں ہے کہ: ’’ علم حاصل کرو گود سے لے کر گورتک‘‘ (الحدیث) ’’علم حاصل کرنا ہر مرد...
One of the aspects of the teaching and grooming of people by the the of tendencies and interest special the considering was (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet companions and preparing, guiding, grooming and appreciating them in their respective fields of special interests and tendencies. This consideration of their special interests and tendencies and grooming and guiding them in this respect enabled them to exercise their abilities and serve the society in the academic, preaching, political, economic, social, judicial, diplomatic and other aspects. Until and unless the interest and tendencies of youth are not kept in mind, abilities of youth can never be utilized. Our Holy Prophet (ﷺ) took great care of youth’s interests before their training for specific field. The present paper intends to analyze the life of five companions and their excellence in field of education which was result of the Prophet’s consistent guidance and grooming according to their special interests and tendencies which resulted in their extra ordinary status in their respective fields and constructive contribution in the establishment and strengthening the structural foundations of society. The present Muslim world is in the need of seeking the guidance from the life of the Prophet in this respect and considering the special tendencies and interests of the youth and grooming, guiding and upbringing them in their respective fields so that they could contribute to the positive and constructive upbringing of the humanity in general and Muslim society in specific.
Background: Preconception care (PCC) is an important form of primary health care that aims to identify risks, offer patient education and evidence based interventions prior to conception in order to improve maternal and fetal short and long term health outcomes. Despite the benefits of PCC, the global levels of utilization are still low, more so in developing countries and in the rural settings. This study aimed to determine the difference in the level and determinants of PCC in both urban and rural settings in Kenya. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to compare PCC among pregnant women in Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUH, N) (urban) and Maragua Level Four Hospital (MLFH) (rural). The secondary objective was to determine the factors affecting PCC among pregnant women in the two hospitals. Design and Methodology: Unselected pregnant women seeking antenatal care (ANC) were recruited consecutively at the Mother and Child Health (MCH) clinics in AKUH, N and MLFH. The study design was a mixed method study that employed a cross-sectional approach to determine the level of PCC, using a 5-10 minutes self-administered questionnaire, and a qualitative approach to assess factors affecting PCC using a semi-structured interview guide. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Qualitative interviews were transcribed verbatim, a thematic framework was thereafter manually constructed through coding, creating categories, sub-themes and themes. Indexing, charting, mapping and data interpretation were thereafter carried out. Results: A total of 194 pregnant women were recruited, 97 in each setting (rural and urban). Of these, 21 women were selected through purposive sampling to participate in in-depth interviews for the qualitative aspect of the study. Saturation of themes occurred after 13 interviews (7 at AKUH and 6 at MLFH) after which 4 more interviews were conducted at each site to confirm saturation. Of the total participants, 25.8% received PCC. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in PCC between the rural and urban participants with an OR of 0.3 (0.19-0.72, 95 % CI). Univariate analysis of possible related factors showed that age, marital status, education, parity and occupation had potential effect on PCC. Transcription, coding and thematic analysis of the in-depth interviews yielded 97 categories which were merged into 39 sub-themes and subsequently into 12 main themes. Eleven of the main themes were identified as factors affecting PCC while one theme contained suggested strategies of increasing PCC awareness and utilization. The dominant themes